Cell cycle (mitosis)
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
What is the end product of Meiosis?
4 haploid gamete cells (each genetically different)
What causes cancer?
A genetic mutation in the DNA
What is nondisjunction?
When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate during anaphase I or II
What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes
What occurs during cytokinesis
The two daughter cells completely split apart
How does crossing over work?
DNA is swapped between homologous chromosomes during prophase I, resulting in new genetic combinations
How does cancer affect cells?
Causes unregulated cell growth
What are the two outcomes of nondisjunction in gametes?
The gamete will have an extra copy of a chromosome or missing a copy
How is DNA packed into the nucleus in a cell?
Chromatin
What is the end product of mitosis?
Two daughter cells that are genetically equal
How does independent assortment work?
One gene does not determine where another lines up or gets sent to during meiosis
How does cancer spread in the body?
The mutations that cause cancerous cells are passed on to new cells after mitosis
What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?
Haploid cells have 1 copy of each chromosome, diploid cells have 2 copies of each
What occurs during each stage of interphase?
G1: Cell grows and organelles duplicate
Synthesis: DNA replicates
G2: More cell growth and a check point
What is different between Interphase I and II
Name a way that cancer is treated
1. Surgery
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation
What is the function of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase?
DNA helicase splits DNA
DNA polymerase pairs up the bases to form a new strand
What occurs during each stage of mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase: The nucleus disappears and DNA condenses into chromosomes
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart
Telophase: A new nucleus forms around the chromosomes as they unravel
How does PMAT I differ from PMAT II
Prophase I: Crossing over
Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up next to each other instead of in a straight line
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart instead of sister chromatids
How does radiation during cancer treatment affect your cells?
Radiation destroys genes, therefore cancerous and all other cells cannot divide. This and impacts some types of cells more than others (ex: hair cells)
How are homologous chromosomes similar and differet?
Similar: Both contain DNA that codes for the same genes
Different: The DNA is not exactly the same in each chromosome