Mitosis
What is the phase that the cell spends most of its time in and what are the components of that stage? At which point is DNA synthesized?
Interphase, which is composed of G1, S, and G2.
DNA is synthesized in the S phase.
What is Topoisomerase in charge of?
Unwinding the DNA ahead of the replication fork
What type of cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
What is a gene?
A discrete unit of hereditary information
What is a Punnett square and what is it used for?
A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses
What forms during cytokinesis in an animal cell and what forms in a plant cell?
Animal cell: cleavage furrow
Plant cell: cell plate
What is Helicase in charge of doing?
"Unzipping" the DNA strands
What is true concerning the second part of meiosis?
It is similar to mitosis, but it starts with half the chromosomes
What are alleles?
Any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a given gene
Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a given gene
Mitosis consists of the following steps.
Prophase, pro-metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
What is the single-stranded DNA-binding proteins in charge of?
Helping to keep the replication fork open
Meiosis consists of the following steps.
Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, interkinesis, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis
What is a genome?
The complete set of genes in an organism
Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he do?
The father of genetics, and he started the experiments with the pea plants
Briefly explain what happens at each of the stages of mitosis.
Prophase: DNA condenses to chromosomes and microtubules form
Pro-metaphase: nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules attach to chromosomes
Metaphase: chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: sister chromatids separated
Telophase: nuclear envelop re-forms, chromosomes condense, cytokinesis begins
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
What is DNA polymerase III on the leading strand in charge of? What components make this up?
Adding DNA nucleotides.
Bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
In prophase I, two things happen. What are they and what do they do?
Synapsis: homologous pairs come together to form tetrads
Crossing over: exchanging of genetic information
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype: genetic constitution of the individual
Phenotype: expression of the genotype (observable traits)
What were Mendel's two fundamental principles of heredity?
1. Law of segregation
2. Law of independent assortment
What factors are true for mitosis but NOT meiosis?
- The daughter cells are identical
- Two diploid cells arise
- Arise from a single-parent cell
- Occurs in somatic cells
What does the leading strand do?
What factors are true of meiosis but NOT mitosis?
- Results in four different haploid cells
- Go through crossing over
- Homologous chromosomes pair up
- Tetrads line up in metaphase for meiosis I
- Meiosis goes through 2 stages
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Asexual: production of offspring that are exact copies of the parent
Sexual: two parents give rise to offspring that have a unique combination of genes inherited from them
What are the degrees of dominance and what do they mean?
Complete dominance: one allele is dominant over the other
Incomplete dominance: one allele is not completely dominant over the other
Codominance: both alleles are expressed equally