Cell Cycle 1
Cell that undergoes mitosis
Somatic cell
First stage of the cell cycle
First stage of Mitosis
Prophase
Checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage
G1 checkpoint
Proteins with varying concentration that are synthesized and degraded at specific stages of the cell cycle.
Cyclins
Number of chromosomes in a typical human somatic cell
46
Number of stages in Mitosis
5
Cells that undergoes meiosis
Gametes
Cell enters this state if it receives a “stop” signal during the G1 checkpoint.
G0
Hormones released by cells that stimulate cell growth (external regulator).
Growth factors
Stage of the cell cycle in which two daughter nuclei form, the nucleolus reappears, and chromosomes become less condensed
Telophase
Stage of the cell cycle in which two separate cells are created
Cytokinesis
Stage of the cell cycle is when the nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules enter the nuclear area with some attached to kinetochores
Prometaphase
Checks for completion of DNA replication and DNA damage
G2 checkpoint
Enzymes with constant concentration whose complexes phosphorylate target proteins to help regulate key events in the cell cycle.
CDKs
Separates animal cells during cytokinesis
Contractile ring
Stage of the cell cycle in which the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles due to microtubules shortening and the cell elongates
Anaphase
Forms a cell wall between plant cells during cytokinesis
Vesicles
Checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at the kinetochores at metaphase
M (spindle) checkpoint
Signal process in which cells rely on attachment to other cells or the extracellular matrix to divide (external regulator).
Anchorage Dependance
Longest stage of the cell cycle in which the cell grows, replicates DNA, duplicates chromosomes, and prepares for mitosis
Interphase
Stage of the cell cycle in which chromatin condenses, nucleoli disappear, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromosomes, mitotic spindles begin to form, and the centrosomes move away from each other
Prophase
Stage of the cell cycle in which centrosomes are at opposite poles, chromosomes line up in the middle, and microtubules are attached to each kinetochore
Metaphase
A cell will undergo this process if it is unable to repair damaged DNA at the G2 checkpoint.
Apoptosis
Form of inhibition where cell surface receptors recognize contact with other cells which initiates signal transduction pathway and stops the cell in G phase (external regulator).
Contact (density) Inhibition