Carbohydrate Structure and Classification
The simplest (smallest) form of a carbohydrates.
What is a monosaccharide?
This enzyme is released following skeletal muscle injury and has historically been used to help diagnose myocardial infarction, although cardiac troponins are now preferred.
What is CK? (Creatine Kinase)
The primary carbohydrate measured in the clinical laboratory.
What is glucose?
This substance binds to an enzyme and is converted into a product during an enzymatic reaction.
What is a substrate?
What are U/L?
A disaccharide composed of 1,4 glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose.
What is sucrose?
This enzyme is considered more specific for hepatocellular injury than AST because it is found predominantly in the liver.
What is ALT? (Alanine amino transferase)
This test reflects average blood glucose over approximately the previous 2–3 weeks.
What is fructosamine testing?
DAILY DOUBLE
This enzyme class catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions and includes enzymes commonly used in clinical chemistry assays.
This term describes the breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose for use as energy.
Maltose, Lactose, and Sucrose are examples of this category of carbohydrates.
What are disaccharides?
This enzyme exists as five major isoenzymes and may be elevated in conditions involving tissue injury, hemolysis, or liver disease.
What is LD? (Lactate dehydrogenase)
This test measures the relative percentage of hemoglobin which has undergone glycation and reflects the estimated average glucose level over the past 2-3 months?
What is HbA1c?
During this phase of an enzymatic reaction the enzyme and substrate are combined, little to no product is formed.
What is the lag phase?
In this order of enzyme kinetics the concentration of the substrate exceeds the concentration of enzyme.
What is zero-order kinetics?
Carbohydrates contain only these three atoms.
What are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
This enzyme is found in the liver, bone, placenta, and intestines. Elevated activity may indicate either hepatobiliary disease or increased bone activity.
What is ALP? (Alkaline phosphatase)
DAILY DOUBLE
These two enzymes are commonly used in the determination of serum glucose levels.
The temperature at which most clinically significant enzymes exhibit optimal reactivity.
What is 37'C?
Different forms of the same enzyme located in specific tissues in the body.
What are isoenzymes?
This storage polysaccharide is found in the liver and in skeletal muscle and can be broken down to provide glucose.
What is glycogen?
This enzyme remains elevated for the longest period of time following a myocardial infarction.
What is LD? (Lactate dehydrogenase)
This enzymatic method measures glucose by producing hydrogen peroxide, which participates in a color-producing reaction. Also known as a "Trinder" reaction.
What is glucose oxidase?
Clinical assays which use enzymes as reagents follow this order of enzyme kinetics.
What is first-order?
This term refers to the formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources.
What is gluconeogenesis?