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100
What are the reference ranges for cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL?
Chol: <200 mg/dL

TG: 60-150 mg/dL

HDL: 40-75 mg/dL

LDL: 50-130 mg/dL 

100
What are the four types of lipids?
Cholesterol 

Fatty acids (Triglycerides)

Phospholipids 

Glycolipids 

100
Which lipoprotein causes lipemic specimens is it exogenous or endogenous?
Chylomicron, exogenous 
100
What are the four lipoproteins? Which one has the most Triglycerides? Which has the most cholesterol? 
Chylomicrons, LDL, VLDL, HDL 

Most TG: chylomicrons

Most Chol: HDL 

100
What is the equation used for LDL? What is its name?
LDL= Total cholesterol-HDL-(Trig/5) or VLDL

Friedwald equation 

200
what is the protein part of a lipoprotein called?
apolipoprotein
200
What are the two cause of psuedohyponatremia?
Hyperproteinemia and hyperlipidemia 
200
What type of assays are used for cholesterol and triglycerides? Do they require a standard? 
Enzymatic assays, NO standard
200
What is the major extracellular anion? 
Chloride


200
What carries lipids throughout the body?
lipoproteins 
300
Which electrolyte is the major intracellular cation? What is its major function, what regulates it?
Potassium, nerve impulses and muscle contraction, excreted by the kidneys 
300
What is the major extracellular cation? What is its major function and what regulates it?
Na+, osmotic pressure of ECF, Kidneys 
300
What is the structure of a fatty acid? 
Three fatty acid tails with a glycerol head 
300
What are xanthomas?
Lipids built up in the skin of inherited dyslipidemia patients  
300
What system regulate sodium and blood volume?
Renin-angiotensin system 
400
What lipoprotein is the most atherogenic?
LDL 
400
What lipid tests can you use an ultracentrifuge for?
Cholesterol, HDL, LDL


NOT TGs!!!!

400
What are the reference ranges for Na, K, CO2, and Cl?
Na: 135-145

K: 3.5-5.0

CO2: 22-30

Cl: 96-106 

units: mmol/L

400
Where is aldosterone released from? Where is ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) released from?
ALD: Adrenal gland

ADH: Made in hypothalamus, released from posterior pituitary gland

400
What is the gold standard for the sweat chloride test? What does it test for?
pilocarpine iontophoresis, Cystic fibrosis 
500
What are the critical values or panic result cut-offs for Na, K, and CO2?
Na: <120 or >160 mmol/L

K: <3.0 or >6.2 mmol/L

CO2: <11 or >40 mmol/L 

500
When do you directly measure LDL?
When TGs >400 mg/dL
500
What signals the release of renin from the JGA?
Decreased blood pressure, blood volume, or sodium or increased Potassium 
500
Which lipid most strongly correlates with CAD (coronary artery disease?
Cholesterol 
500
What disease leads to hyponatremia and is due to an increase in ADH release? What disease leads to hypernatremia with a decreased ADH? 
1) SIADH Symptom of inappropriate ADH release

2) Diabetes insipidus 

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