Reference Ranges and Equations
Anatomy
Reabsorption and Secretion
Testing
Diseases
100
What is the RR for GFR? How is it reported?
90-120 mL/min/1.73m^2

Report as >60 mL/min/1.73m^2

100
List the anatomy of the nephron in order
Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule(PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and the collecting duct 
100
Where are glucose, amino acids, proteins and vitamins reabsorbed in the nephron?

What is the main protein that is 'filtered out' and then reabsorbed? Why? 

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Albumin because it is smaller than most proteins 

100
What is the method for creatinine testing? 

What are the color of the reaction and the reagent used for it?

the Jaffe Reaction 

Orange-red color

Picric acid 

100
Lab results:

Proteinuria, hematuria, RBC casts. elevated BUN, Creatinine, lytes, ESR, C3 and C4 

nephritis with inflamation of the loops of the glomeruli caused by systemic diseases (Lupis, bacterial endocarditis, post strep sequale, malignancy or viral infection) 

Glomerularnephritis 
200
What is the equation for Creatinine Clearance?

Units?

(Urine Creatinine * Volume of 24hr urine collection)/(Plasma creatinine *1440) 

Units: mL/min

200
Part of the nephron that controls renin secretion and regulates the function of each nephron 
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 
200
Where are creatinine, drugs, H+ and NH4+ secreted?
The descending loop of Henle 
200
What is the disease in preganant women who have high uric acid?

What are some other sympotoms of it?

Pre-eclampsia 

Proteinuria, High BP, and possible hyperuremia 

200
What is nephrotic syndrome, what is the main cause, and what are the lab results? 
Gross change in glomerular permeability, diabetes, hypoalbumenia, large proteinuria 
300
What is the reference range for BUN/Creat ratio?
10:1-20:1
300
What is the size-discriminant barrier that stops the passage of most proteins into the glomerulus? 
The GBM (Glomerular basement membrane) 
300
Aldosterone mainly affects what part(s) of the nephron's permeability? What does it regulate?
DCT mainly and some CD 

Regulates Na+ and H2O and stimulates K+ secretion 

300
What type of crystals occur due to a build-up of uric acid?
Monosodium urate crystals
300
What disease causes a decrease in synthesis or release of ADH or end-organ resistance to its action that leads to the kidney being unable to reabsorb water? The symptoms are excessive thirst and polyuria, lab results for diagnosis are urine specific gravity <1.005 and Urine osm. <200mOsm/kg
Diabetes insipidus 
400
What is the reference range for men and for women for creatinine? What is the RR for a BUN?
Creat: Men: 0.9-1.3 mg/dL

          Women: 0.6-1.1 mg/dL 

BUN: 6-20 mg/dL 

400
What surrounds the nephrons that allow for secretion and reabsorption to occur?
Arterioles 
400
What hormone affects the PCT? What does it regulate?
PTH (Parathyroid hormone) 

Phosphate and magnesium and Calcium 

400
What is the gold standard for filtration testing of GFR that is not run commonly due to high cost?
Inulin 
400
What is the end clinical manifestation of Kidney failure? It is characterized by increased BUN, Creatinine, and Uric acid with symptoms like tremors, abnormal mental function, metabolic acidosis, muscle wasting and uremia. 
Uremic Syndrome
500
What is required for the calculation of GFR and what are the units?
Serum creatinine level, Age, Race, and gender

ml/min*1.73m^2 

500
What are the functions of the renal system?
Urine formation and excretion 

Homeostatic regulation of electrolytes, water, and acids and bases

Excretion of protein metabolites, drugs, and toxins

Endocrine secretion 

500
Where are urea and H2O reabsorbed?
Collecting duct
500
What chemical method is used for Urea/BUN?
Fearon Reaction
500
What are the differences between Chronic Kidney disease and Acute Renal injury?
CKD: Proteinuria, GFR <60 mL/min/1.73^2 for at least three months and increased BUN and creatinine 


Acute Renal injury: Can be pre-renal, renal or post-renal symptoms include decreased urine output, dyspnea, edema, Lab results: increased BUN, creatinine, GFR <15 mL/min/1.73^2 and blood in the urine 

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