Altered Dimension
List 5 causes of altered mental status
-Alcohol
-Epilepsy
-Insulin
- Oxygen or Overdose
- Uremia or Underdose
- Trauma
-Infection
- Psychiatric
- Stroke / Shock
What is the shock index and what value indicates shock
HR/SBP
No shock: SI < 0.6
Mild shock: SI ≥ 0.6 to < 1.0
Moderate shock: SI ≥ 1.0 to < 1.4
Severe shock: SI ≥ 1.4
This is the standard adult IM dose of 1:1,000 epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
What is 0.3–0.5 mg IM?
Where does cellular respiration occur
Aioli
This is the normal adult resting heart rate range.
Answer: What is 60–100 bpm?
This transient condition often follows a generalized tonic‑clonic seizure and can mimic stroke or intoxication
Post-ictal
what are 2 of the most important early differential indicators of shock that can revel perfusion status before the blood pressure drops
Capillary refill and Skin signs
This is the oxygen flow rate required to properly run a nebulizer.
Answer: What is 6–8 LPM?
What Organ is affected and what is it called when there are best sounds on one side and clear on the other
lungs and pneumothorax
Tachycardia in shock is caused by this compensatory mechanism.
What is sympathetic stimulation?
This condition is one of the most common stroke mimics encountered in the field, often presenting with slurred speech, confusion, or unilateral weakness
Hypoglycemia
In a trauma patient with altered AMS and low BP what is type of SHock is inidicated
Hypovolemic shock or occult hemorrhage
This is the primary contraindication for aspirin administration.
What is a history of GI bleed or aspirin allergy or AAA
These two organs are major sources of internal bleeding in abdominal trauma.
What are the liver and spleen?
Bradypnea with pinpoint pupils suggests cause of AMS.
What is opioid overdose?
What units is blood sugar measured in.
Bonus (50): Below what blood sugar would you consider administering oral glucose
Milligrams per deciliter
< 60 mg/dL
This compensatory mechanism maintains BP temporarily despite major blood loss.
What is peripheral vasoconstriction?
This is the dose of nitroglycerin EMTs may assist a patient with if prescribed.
What is 0.4 mg SL?
This organ’s failure can cause hyperkalemia, requiring ALS intervention.
What are the kidneys?
This condition can cause falsely normal SpO₂ readings despite hypoxia.
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
Name 2 ways to reverse an altered mental status within an EMT scope and all Indications
- O2 for Hypoxia
- Sugars for Hypoglycemia
- Naloxone for Opioids
Warm skin and bounding pulses early on are classic for this distributive subtype.
What is septic shock?
What is the FIO2 of a Nasal Cannula
24-44%
This organ’s inflammation can mimic cardiac chest pain in the epigastric region.
Answer: What is the stomach (gastritis/ulcer)?
- Brady cardia, Irregular respiration and widening pulse pressure
Cushing's triad