The Origin
This theory focuses on how meanings, symbols, and emphasis influence audience perception.
framing theory
According to Entman, framing analysis aims to identify these elements in a narrative that represent the frame.
words, images, and symbols
This level of media framing focuses on measuring hidden or implied meanings in media content.
first level (implicit level)
This element refers to the journalist who creates and shapes the message.
communicator
The presence or absence of key words and images in a news story is part of this element.
text
This term is used in political communication to describe framing specifically applied to news content.
news framing
These language tools often carry hidden judgments and are used in framing to shape audience perception.
metaphors
This level of framing influences public attitudes and shapes opinions about issues.
second level
This element represents the audience who interprets the message based on their own beliefs and experiences.
receiver
These factors, such as editorial policies and ownership, can shape how journalists frame stories.
organizational or external influences
This American sociologist first used the term “frame” in 1955.
Bateson
Pan and Kosicki identified this type of conclusion, not directly stated but implied in the text, as part of framing.
implicit conclusions
These conclusions are not directly stated but are suggested through language and structure in media texts.
implicit conclusions
This element refers to shared values and common frames within a society that influence interpretation.
culture
This type of frame highlights the financial or material impact of events on society.
economic frame
These two scholars significantly contributed to the development of framing theory in 1967.
Berger and Luckmann
This process in framing strengthens certain ideas by presenting, delaying, and repeating them.
reinforcement (of ideas)
Framing can lead to these three types of effects on audiences: thinking, feeling, and acting.
cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects
This frame presents events as competition or struggle, often emphasizing winners and losers.
conflict frame
This interaction between communicator, text, receiver, and culture demonstrates that framing is not linear but this type of process.
dynamic (or interactive) process
This field commonly uses “news framing” to analyze how issues are presented to the public.
political communication (or public opinion studies)
This concept refers to emphasizing certain aspects of an issue while ignoring others to shape interpretation.
salience
By focusing on certain aspects of an issue, media can shape these shared standards in society.
public norms
This frame focuses on emotional storytelling to evoke feelings like sympathy, anger, or sadness.
human-interest (or humanitarian) frame
This concept explains how journalists’ internal belief systems shape the way they construct news frames.
schemata (or cognitive schemas)