Chemistry
High levels of which lipoprotein class are associated with decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis?
A. chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. LDL
D. HDL
D. HDL
High density lipoprotein or HDL is the smallest and most dense lipoprotein. it's rolling lipid metabolism involves removing cholesterol from the peripheral cells and transporting it to the liver to further metabolism because of these actions hdl's thought to be anti atherogenic. increased levels of LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons are associated with atherosclerosis
Pg 145 q 35
The majority of iron in an adult is found as constituent of:
a) hemoglobin
b) hemosiderin
c) myoglobin
d) transferrin
a) hemoglobin
2/3 of iron in the body is bound to hemoglobin (P. 219 Q.2)
Which selective medium is used for the isolation of Gram-positive microorganisms?
a.) Columbia CNA with 5% sheep blood
b.) trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood
c.) eosin methylene blue
d.) modified Thayer-Martin
a.) Columbia CNA agar contains colistin and nalidixic acid, which inhibit most facultative Gram-negative organisms. (pg. Pg.362, Q.12)
The yellow color of urine is primarily due to?
A. Urochrome pigment
B. methemoglobin
C. bilirubin
D. Homogenestic acid
A. Urochrome pigment
Pg 88 Q. 10
How many mL of anti-D reagents are needed to prepare to prepare 5mL of a 1:25 dilution:
A) 0.1
B) 0.2
C) 0.25
D) 0.5
B; 1/25 = x/5 x=0.2 (P.476, Q.127)
Most automated blood gas analyzers directly measure:
A) pH, HCO3- and % O2 saturation
B) pH, pCO2 and pO2
C) HCO3-, pCO2 and pO2
C) pH, pO2 and % O2 saturation
B; pH, pCO2 and pO2 are directly measured by modern blood gas analyzers where as HCO3- and oxygen saturation are calculated (P.179, Q.244)
When reviewing platelet morphology on a blood smear, the presence of giant platelets is noted: This may indicate
a) Bernard-Soulier
b) von Willebrand Disease
c) Glanzmann thrombasthemia
d) Ehlers-Danlos
a) Bernard-Soulier
Giant platelets, abnormal PSA 100, normal aggregation with ADP, and decreased platelet count are characteristics of Bernard-Soulier. (P.250 Q.208)
In the bacitracin susceptibility test, if there is a zone of inhibition surrounding the disk following overnight incubation at 37C, the colony most likely consists of:
a.) staphylococcus aureus
b.) Group A streptococcus
c.) streptococcus pneumoniae
d.) Group B Streptococcus
b.) Group A streptococcus; Bacitracin susceptibility is used to presumptively identify S. pyogenes. (pg.391, Q.163)
The urinary tract structures responsible for the renal concentration are the:
A.renal pelvis
B. cortical nephrons
C. renal papillae
D. juxtamedullary nephrons
D. juxtamedullary nephrons
The juxtaglomerular nephrons have long Loops of Henle, and the urinary filtrate passes through the renal medulla with its high osmotic gradient, causing reabsorption of water in the descending Loop of Henle. cortical nephrons are located in the renal cortex and have short Loops of Henle that do not reach the medulla
Pg 108 q144
Which of the following require laboratories to establish a chemical hygiene plan?
A) CAP (College of American Pathologists)
B) ACS (American Chemical Society)
C) OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act)
D) CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Acts)
OSHA; It specifies the mandatory requirements of a chemical hygiene plan to protect lab workers from harm. (P.465, Q.40)
A drug has a half-life of 6 hours: If a dose is given every 6 hours, a steady-state drug level would usually be achieved in:
a) 3-5 hours
b) 10-12 hours
c) 24-42 hours
d) 48-50 hours
c) 24-42 hours
A steady-state therapeutic drug level is achieved between 5 and 7 doses. Many variables affect when steady state is achieved (P.191 Q.335)
The anemia of chronic infection is characterized by:
a) decreased iron stores in the reticuloendothelial system
b) decreased serum iron levels
c) macrocytic erythrocytes
d) increased serum iron binding capacity
b) decreased serum iron levels
Low serum iron levels due to role of hepcidin (P. 225 Q. 39)
Which 2 diseases are usually preceded by infection with beta-hemolytic streptococci?
a.) rheumatic fever, undulant fever
b.) glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever
c.) rheumatic fever, tularemia
d.) glomerulonephritis, undulant fever
b.) glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever; Noninfectious sequelae associated with infection with Streptococcus pyogenes are glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever. (Pg.376, Q.83)
Epithelial cell casts are most indicative of?
A. glomerulonephritis
B. nephrotic syndrome
C. tubular necrosis
D. pyelonephritis
C. tubular necrosis
Damage to the renal tubules causes sloughthing of the cells lining the tubules, making these cells the most prominent and cast formation. Although casts are seen in each of the other listed disorders, each has its own most prominent cast feature.
Pg 100 q 95
An ion-selective electrode measures the:
A) Activity of one ion only
B) Concentration of one ion only
C) Activity of one ion much more than other ions present
D) Activity of only H+ ions
C; ISEs are a potentiometric method of analysis and respond to individual ions present in a sample (P.489, Q.223)
Unless blood gas measurements are made immediately after sampling, in vitro glycolysis of the blood causes a:
A rise in pH and pco2
b fall in PH and a rise in po2
C Rise in pH and a fall in po2
D fall in pH and a rise in pco2
D fall in pH and a rise in pco2; If not immediately analyze, failure to adequately chill blood gas specimens will allow glucose metabolism, which increases carbon dioxide and lowers pH. (Pg. 178, Q.234)
A medical technologist is examining a peripheral smear and notices 7 large segmented neutrophils with between 5 and 7 lobes. Everything else about the CBC is otherwise normal. This observed morphological change might develop months ahead of which of the following changes:
a) an increase in MCV, MCH, and RDW
b) a decrease in MCV, MCH, and RDW
c) an increase in metamyelocytes and bands
d) a bone marrow showing aplasia
a) an increase in MCV, MCH, and RDW
The MCV and MCH are increased in megaloblastic anemia. Hypersegmented neutrophils are one of the distinguishing features of megaloblastic anemia. Aniocytosis (elevated RDW) is moderate to marked. Hypersegmented neutrophils can be seen in megaloblastic anemia in the absence of macrocytosis. (P.232 Q. 90)
An organism gave the following reactions:
The organism most likely is:
A klebsiella pneumonia
B shigella dysenteriae
C Escherichia coli
D Entrerobacteria cloacae
C Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumonia is indole negative and nonmotile. Shigella dysenteriae is nonmotile. Enterobacter cloacae is indole negative. (Pg.395,Q.188)
A white blood cell differential is performed on CSF from an adult patient suspected of having meningitis the following results were reported: Neutrophils: 89%, lymphocytes: 7%, monocytes 3%, eosinophils:1% These results are highly suggestive of ?
A. Bacterial meningitis
B. viral meningitis
C. fungal meningitis
D. tubercular meningitis
A. Bacterial meningitis
Adult CFS normally has a predominance of lymphocytes and monocytes, 40 to 80% and 15 to 45% respectively. In bacterial meningitis, up to 90% of the white cells present may be neutrophils.
Pg 121 q243
An Rf value of 0.5 in thin-layer chromatography means:
A) Solute moves twice as far as solvent front
B) Solute moves half the distance of solvent front
C) Solute moves with solvent front
D) Solvent moves half the distance of solute
ANS: D; Definition of retention factor (Rf) in thin-layer chromatography (P.488, Q.217)
A three-year-old child was evaluated for abdominal pain and anorexia by a physician. A CBC revealed a hemoglobin of 9.8 g/dL and basophilic stippling of the RBCs. The doctor should order further test to check for poisoning from:
A.) arsenic
B.) iron
C.) Mercury
D.) lead
D.) lead; Lead interferes directly with heme synthesis, which on a CBC may present as a decreased hemoglobin, with basophilic stippling of the red blood cells. These findings in a child may indicate lead toxicity. Whole blood LED is the recommended test; but urine delta-aminolevulinic acid and RBC zinc protoporphyrin are also useful assays. (Pg.193, Q.351)
The following results were obtained on a patient’s blood:
Hgb 11.5 g/dL
Hct 34%
MCV 89 fL
MCH 26 pg
MCHC 29%
Examination of a Wright-stained smear of the same sample would most likely show:
a) macrocytic, normochromic erythrocytes
b) microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes
c) normocytic, hypochromic erythrocytes
d) normocytic, normochromic erythrocytes
c) normocytic, hypochromic erythrocytes
Use calculation of RBC indices to classify anemia (P.257 Q.271)
This parasite has the following characteristics:
stains red with acid fast stain
zoonotic transfer to humans
spread by fecal-oral route
The most likely organism is:
a.) cryptosporidium
b.) giardia
c.) neaglearia
d.) necator
a cryptosporidium; Typosperidium is the only selection that is acid-fast positive. (Pg.421, Q.360)
A urinalysis performed on 27 year old woman yields the following results:
These findings are most consistent with:
A. yeast infection
B. pyelonephritis
C. bacterial cystitis
D. glomerulonephritis
D. glomerulonephritis
The presence of RBC cast is consistent with glomerulonephritis. WBC, RBC and protein are present as a result of glomerular damage
Pg 109 q152
Köhler Illumination is:
A) A method to ensure optimal contrast and resolution
A) A method to magnify objects
A) An indication of the type of light source in use
A) One method of phase contrast magnification
A; the first step to achieving correct illumination, optimal contrast, alignment and resolution of microscopic images is to ensure the microscope has been adjusted using the Köhler Illumination (Q.484, P.187)