Chapter 16
The main types of signal-mediated cell to cell communication (4)
What is Endocrine, Paracrine, Neural Signaling, and Contact-Dependent?
Found in the cytoplasm of most animal cells, surrounding the nucleus and extending into the cell periphery. Functions to enable cells to withstand mechanical stress.
What is intermediate filaments
A network of regulatory proteins, this system guarantees that the events of the cell cycle occur in a set sequence and that each process has been completed before the next one begins.
What is a cell-control system
When a small number of individuals (some who carry a particular mutation by chance) become separated from the larger population. As this subpopulation expands, the frequency of the mutation becomes higher.
What is the founder effect
A family of proteins that support the structure and function of different tissues.
What are collagens
Binds with molecules that are two large or too hydrophilic to cross the plasma membrane of the target cell
What are cell-surface receptors
These extend throughout the cytoplasm, and form long, stuff tubes that create a train-track system within the cell where vesicles, organelles, and other macromolecules can be transported
What are microtubles
This process can remove cells that are not needed during development and/or cell maintenance.
What is apoptosis
Combinations of polymorphisms or other DNA markers that are inherited as a unit.
What is a haplotype block
The core protein to which chains of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently linked to. They can have a variety of shapes, sizes, and chemistry.
What are Proteoglycans
Either acts as an enzyme, or associates with enzymes inside the cell. When stimulated, the enzyme can activate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways.
What is an enzyme-coupled receptor
These are stabilized by accessory proteins like plectin, that cross-link the filaments to bundles and connect them to microtubules, to actin filaments, and to adhesive structures in desmosomes.
What is the stabilizing of intermediate filaments by cross-linking accessory proteins?
These bind to receptors on the cells surface, activating a intracellular pathway such as the Ras-MAP pathway, which then increases transcription of genes that would stimulate cell division.
What are mitogens
These mutations are usually dominant. These mutations are ones that increase the activity of a gene or its product, or result in the gene being expressed in inappropriate circumstances.
Allows the epithelial sheet to develop tension and change shape in many ways. These movements are particularly crucial during embryonic development, in the spinal cord, the lens of the eye, etc.
What is an Adherens Junction
These kinases, which can integrate information and produce a coordinated cell response, often phosphorylate, and regulate, components in other signaling pathways in addition to their own.
What are protein kinases
A head domain and tail, in which the head domain binds to actin filament and has the ATP-hydrolyzing motor activity which allows it to move in a repetitive cycle of binding, detachment, and rebinding. Its function is to carry cargo
What is Myocin I
One of various kinds of secreted signal proteins that inhibits growth and proliferation, but when a gene that encodes for that protein is deleted, the growth can go unregulated.
What is Myostatin
Chemicals applied to cells to damage DNA. These are artificially produced mutations and the mutation results are random, which is an alternative to combing through thousands/millions of organisms for interesting spontaneous mutations.
What are Mutagens
seal neighboring cells together, making it harder for water-soluble molecules to leak between them
What is a tight junction
Membrane-embedded calcium ion pumps aid in keeping cytosolic calcium concentration and terminate the calcium ion signal
What is cells keeping calcium in the cytosol low
When intermediate filaments form a meshwork, underlying and reinforcing the nuclear envelope.
What is the nuclear lamina
M-Cdk complexes accumulate throughout G2, but are not switched on until the end of the phase. When the activating phosphatase Cdc25 removes the inhibitory phosphatases, it creates a
what is a positive feedback loop
During meiotic prophase exchanges segments of DNA between homologous chromosomes and thereby reassorts genes on each individual chromosome
What is crossing-over
These recognize tumor-specific cell-surface molecules can be produced in vitro and injected into an individual to mark those tumor cells for destruction.
What are antibodies