A & P
Bone to Bone
Ligament
-female gender -obesity
-older age -environmental factors
-nulliparity
-family history
-smoking
What are components of a neurovascular assessment?
-Color, temperature, capillary refill, sensation, movement, and pulses
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
-DXA T-score less than -2.5 or with a prior fragility fracture
To prevent hip dislocation after arthroplasty, what type of pillow is often used?
-abduction pillow
Muscle to Bone
Tendon
What diagnostic tests need to be run before starting rheumatoid arthritis treatment?
-Rheumatoid factor (not diagnostic alone), elevated ESR/CRP
-Liver and renal function tests, TB test, hepatitis panel before treatment
-X-rays/imagining to see extent of joint involvement
What are symptoms and risk factors for low back pain?
Describe the fracture healing process.
-When a bone breaks blood clots form at the site (hematoma). Next, a soft callus made of cartilage forms, then a hard bony callus replaces it. Finally, remodeling happens as the bone reshapes and strengthens over time.
List the delayed complications of fractures.
a cell that is responsible for the maintenance of the bone
Osteocytes
What does PRICE stand for and what is it used for?
Describe non-pharmacologic and nursing management for low back pain.
-Yoga, chiropractic care, CBT, acupuncture, massage
State types of assessments to include in a musculoskeletal assessment.
What is a fragility fracture?
-Fall at standing height and break something
osteoblasts
What medications are used to treat the pain of low back pain?
-NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, gabapentin, SSRIs, opioids
What is the purpose of traction?
Helps reduce muscle spasm and pain, keeps fragments in alignment, helps prevent deformity
Increased pressure in compartment due to swelling or restriction—leads to decreased perfusion—leads to cell death, tissue necrosis, and dysfunction
acute compartment syndrome
a large multinucleate bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.
osteoclasts
Describe symptoms seen if a fat embolus occurs.
-hypoxemia, neuro changes, petechiae
What is the goal of total joint arthroplasty?
-To improve pain, mobility, and quality of life
State the reason for and goal of amputation
What treatment is used for acute compartment syndrome?
If external pressure—bivalve/cut constriction
If internal pressure--fasciotomy