Basic Modals
What modal verb do we use to express permission in the present?
May or can
What does "must" express in the sentence: You must wear a helmet?
Obligation or strong advice
Complete: You _____ called me, I was worried.
should have
Choose the best option: You ___ be careful with that knife.
A) can
B) must
C) may
B) must
Your friend is tired. What advice would you give using a modal?
You should get some rest.
What modal expresses obligation?
Must or have to
What does "can" mean in: She can speak five languages?
Ability
What modal perfect expresses regret?
Should have + past participle
Choose the best option: He ___ have left already; the lights are off.
A) must
B) should
C) could
A) must
You forgot your friend’s birthday. What modal perfect could you use?
I should have remembered your birthday.
What modal would you use to give advice about health?
Should
What does “might” mean in: He might be late?
Possibility (not certain)
Complete the sentence: He _____ missed the bus – he’s still not here.
must have
Choose the best modal: You ___ have eaten it all! There’s none left!
A) may
B) must
C) can’t
B) must
You see your friend’s phone on the table and they’re not around. Use deduction.
They must have left it here.
How do you express a possibility in the future?
Might / could / may
What is the meaning of “should” in: You should call your grandmother?
Advice or recommendation
What modal perfect do we use to make a strong deduction about the past?
Must have + past participle
Choose the best option: I ___ have brought an umbrella. It’s raining now.
A) should
B) could
C) can
A) should
You see someone running from a store with a bag. What modal of speculation could you use?
They might have stolen something.
What modal verb expresses absence of obligation?
Don’t have to
What does “can’t” express in: She can’t be at home; her car is gone?
Deduction – something is not possible
Fix the error: She should went to the doctor.
She should have gone to the doctor.
Choose the correct option: We ___ have arrived earlier, but there was traffic.
A) might
B) should
C) must
A) might
You took a risk and failed. Express this using a modal of past possibility.
I could have done things differently.