City
Migration
pop&development
*DTM*
Random
100
Define rank-size rule & define primate city
Rank-size rule is when there is a biggest city and the size of every other city relates to the largest one. (the second largest city would be half the size of the first...)
Primate city is when there is one city that is clearly the biggest and every other city is randomly sized.
100
What does Lee's Migration Model attempt to explain?
Migration is a personal decision based on:
a. push and pull factors at the migrant's place of origin
b. push and pull factors at the migrant's destination
c. intervening obstacles and opportunities lying between the place of origin and destination.
100
What did Thomas Malthus believe?
Why was he wrong?
Eventually the population would outweigh resources. He believed we needed to control the population.
As the population increased, we began growing more food and coming up with new ways to use and extend our resources.
100
Stage 1:
How many countries are in Stage 1?
Birth rates? Death rates?
Epidemiologal transition?
None
High birth rates. High death rates.
Killed by disease, accidents, animals, natural events, epidemics.
100
What does Ester Boserup's Model (of agricultural development) explain?
It explains that as the population increase, the level of technology and labor efforts must increase to meet the demands of increased population pressures.
200
Describe Burgess' Concentric Zone Model and Hoyt's Sector Model
Burgess: The city grows out from the CBD in rings. The further you get from the CBD, the more wealth because (according to this model) only the wealthy can commute into the city.
Hoyt: Similar land uses and groups cluster in pie shaped sectors radiating outward from the CBD, usually along transportation corridors (like a highway)
200
What does Tobler's Distance Decay Model explain?
The further things are from each other the less related they are. Tobler's First Law of Geography says, "Everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distant things."
Applies to migration, diffusion, industry, culture, urban geography
200
Describe the self-sufficiency model and compare to the ITA (international trade)
The self-sufficiency model spreads investment through all sectors of the economy. Things are done within the borders of the country. It eliminates competition but increases corruption (black market). Ex: South Korea
ITA: they open themselves up to foreign investment.
200
Stage 2:
How many countries are in Stage 2? (not specific #)
Birth rates? Death rates?
Epidemiologal transition?
Most countries
High birth rates. Lower death rates
Killed by disease, accidents, animals, natural events, epidemics.
200
What city are the Multiple Nuclei, Concentric Zone, and Sector Models based on?
Chicago
300
Describe the Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
A city has more than one node or center that activities revolve around.
Ex: a university might attract pizzerias or bookstores while an airport might attract hotels and warehouses.
Alternatively, the presence of warehouses and factories discourage middle and high class residences
300
What does the *Gravity Model say?
Population is inversely connected to distance.
It says that larger places attract more migrants, but distance also matters.
Ex: A guy from Mexico migrates to the US. Even though LA is bigger, he will go to Houston because it's closer.
300
Explain the steps of *Rostow's Development Model
The plane
Traditional society (barter and agriculture), preconditions to takeoff/transitional stage (specialization, surpluses, infrastructure), takeoff, drive for maturity (starting to open up trade, investment, less reliant on import), age of mass consumption (lots of trade).
300
Stage 3
How many countries are in Stage 3? (not specific #)
Birth rates? Death rates?
Epidemiologal transition?
Most countries.
Birth rates are still high. Death rates even lower than Stage 2.
Cardiovascular disease, obesity, disease, cancer, chronic disorders.
300
*Briefly describe all 5 Diffusion Models (contagious, hierarchical, relocation, expansion, stimulus)
Relocation: the spread of an idea through the physical movement of people. Idea can did out at the hearth. (migration)
Expansion: the spread of an idea throughout a population from area to area in a snowballing effect. The idea moves, not the people. Idea stays strongest at the hearth. (contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus are all subtypes.)
Contagious: rapid spread through population be person to person contact.
Hierarchical: spreas from powerful people or places such as elites or major cities. (key concept: the idea can skip over large areas.)
Stimulus: the original idea spreads by stimulating diffferent versions of itself in local areas. (ex: skateboarding is inland surfing)
400
Describe the *Latin American City Model
The wealthy live in an elite residential sector on either side of a "spine" or wide boulevard. Most of the poor live on the outskirts of the city in squatter settlements, though some live closer to the center of the city which is the CBD. However, these closer residences are usually in undersirable areas.
400
*Migration Transition Model: What is happening with migration in each stage of the DTM?
In stage 1, people are hunter/gatherers so groups of people are moving constantly. In the second stage people are moving from rural to urban areas. In stage 3, there's high interregional and intraregional migration, namely from cities to suburbs. Stage 4 is the same as in stage 3.
400
Explain *Wallerstein's Core-Periphery Model (World Systems Theory)
There are 3 stages of economic development. Core describes regions with higher education, salaries, and technology. Core exploits other stages. Periphery have low education, salaries, and less tech. They generate less wealth in the world. Semi-Periphery is where both core and periphery processes were occuring. Tjey are exploited by the core but they exploit the periphery.
400
Stage 4
How many countries are in Stage 4? (not specific #)
Birth rates? Death rates?
Epidemiologal transition?
A few countries.
Birth rates drop. Death rates are still low.
Cardiovascular disease, obesity, disease, cancer, chronic disorders.
400
What does the *Urban Realms Model attempt to predict and explain?
The changing urban growth atterns caused by the increasing importance of the automobile. It says cities are made up of small realms that are self-sufficient and have independent focal points. (it's based off San Fransisco)
500
Explain *Christaller's Central Place Theory*
Settlements function as places that compete against each other to provide services to their surrounding areas. Explains how the most profitable location can be identified. (uses hexagons) It's the market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
500
What are 4 of *Ravenstein's Nine "Laws" of Migration?
1. most people migrate for economic reasons
2. People also migrate for environmental and cultural reasons
3. most people migrate short distances in their own country
4. long distance migrants usually more to urban areas or areas with major economic activity
5. people migrate in steps (step migration)
6. every migration flow generates a return or countermirgration flows in the opposite direction.
7. men migrate more over long distances. Women migrate more over shorter distances.
8. Most long distant migrants are young adults rather than families with children.
9. rural dwellers migrate more than city dwellers.
500
What does *Weber's Least Cost Theory attempt to predict?
The location of manufacturing industries based on three factors: transportation cost, labor cost, and the benefit or agglomeration (clustering of businesses). Weber determined transportation was the most important. (bulk-gaining near outputs, bulk-reducing near inputs)
500
Theoretical Stage 5
How many countries are in Stage 5? (not specific #)
Birth rates? Death rates?
Epidemiologal transition?
Very few
Birth rates are very low (population decline). Very low death rates as well.
Reemerging diseases, infectious and parasitic diseases (AIDs and Ebola)
500
**Von Thunen's Model
Describese the distribution of types of agriculture based on transportation and land costs. Dairy, fruits, and vegetables are closest to the market because they will go bad. Ranching is furthest away because animals transport themselves.