BioChem
are weak electrical attractions between the partially negative oxygen of one water molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of a different water molecule.
Hydrogen bonds
recognizes specific sequences in prokaryotic
promoters to orient RNA polymerase
Sigma factor
the commitment of a cell to a final developmental fate. Cells become more determined during gastrulation, restricting possible cell fates.
Determination
holds sister chromatids together (using proteins) and plays a critical role in chromosome segregation
centromere
from fossils link older and younger species
Transitional features
Why are non-polar molecules “pushed” out of the water?
Because of the hydrophobic effect
holds mRNA in place during translation
Small subunit on ribosome
All somatic cells in an organism contain the same genes
Genetic equivalence
protein complex that binds to each side of the centromere to link sister chromatids to MTs
Kinetochore
heritable trait that increases fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking that trait
Adaptation
at what temperatures does cholesterol maintain fluidity by preventing tight packing of phospholipids
Cold!
Multiple unique genes are transcribed into a single mRNA for coordinated expression regulation
Operon
gene regulatory molecules that are present in the
cytoplasm of a dividing cell that are inherited
asymmetrically
Cytoplasmic determinants
forms against the inner face of the cell membrane at the equator of the cell.
contractile ring
have a lipid membrane surrounding a protein capsid
Enveloped viruses
release energy usually as heat (-ΔH)
= generally favorable
Exothermic reactions
• DNA directly (eg. DNA methylation generally
downregulates expression)
• Histones (eg. histone acetylation)
Epigenetic modifications
extracellular signals cause cells to follow a different pathway of differentiation than it would without the signal.
Induction
“walk” on shortening microtubule (MT) tracks
Motor proteins
enveloped viruses “bud” from host cell, taking some host membrane with them
Budding
Is an increase or a decrease in entropy more favorable?
Increase!
large multicomponent protein complex that degrades proteins into short peptides
Proteasome
The reorganization of the embryo into a multilayered structure with distinct tissues
Gastrulation
replicated chromosomes condense
M-phase (mitosis)
can remain stay lysogenic (latent) for years before switching to active viral replication and budding (lytic)