What is the FIRST step of DNA replication?
(key word: FIIIIRRRRSSSSTT)
100
Gene mutation: a change in a specific gene on a chromosome
What is a gene mutation?
100
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
one of the four nitrogenous bases (extra point if you correctly name/pronounce every one)
What are the basic components of a DNA monomer?
100
mRNA: single stranded RNA that carries genetic code from nucleus to ribosome (messenger)
tRNA: helps in translating RNA codes to amino acids
rRNA: structural RNA that makes up ribosome subunits
Name and describe the function of each RNA strand.
100
DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms
What is recombinant DNA?
200
helicase
Name the enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds in DNA.
200
Down's Syndrome: trisomy 21
Edward's Syndrome: trisomy 18
Patau Syndrome: trisomy 13
etc. etc.
Give an example of a chromosomal mutation.
200
5' to 3' because the DNA polymerase can only act on the 3'-OH strand of the existing strand for adding free nucleotides
Explain in what direction and why DNA replication goes.
200
Thymine into Uracil
What nitrogenous bases are replaced in RNA?
200
formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome
How is recombinant DNA created?
300
- forms new copies of DNA in the form of nucleic acid molecules by catalyzing the linking of the nucleotides
- helps combine it into a polymer
- repairs the DNA strand
What is the function of the DNA polymerase?
300
Gametes: mutation passes down to offspring
In which cell would the absolute worst mutation be located?
300
One strand of DNA contains a sequence of nitrogenous bases (A,T,C, and G). The other strand is complementary to this one, and has the corresponding bases (A-T, G-C).
Explain why the two strands of DNA are considered complimentary.
300
single stranded VS double stranded
ribose VS deoxyribose sugar
Uracil VS Thymine
etc. etc.
List 3 similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.
300
a process that uses an electrical field through a porous gel to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size
What is gel electrophoresis?
400
Semiconservative replication produces two copies of a DNA strand that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand.
What is semiconservative replication in the context of DNA replication?
List and describe three different point mutations.
400
antiparallel: the head of one strand is laid against the tail of the other (3' to 5', and vice versa)
How are the two DNA strands structured in relation to one another?
(Hint: we're looking for a specific term)
400
Because genetic code repeats redundantly, certain mutations will have no effect. However this increases the chances of mutations, as more of the same code is easier to mess up (an extra A, a lesser G, etc.)
Explain how the redundancies in the translation of codons affect the outcomes of mutations.
400
Bam I: G / G
Hae III: C / G
Eco RI: G / A
etc. etc.
Name a restriction enzyme and what it divides.
500
Ms. Shen shall decide the best response.
Again, we're just really lazy.
Explain the process of DNA replication using the correct terms and such.
500
Mutations could allow the organism to survive in a changing environment, which would allow the organism to survive and pass on the mutation to its offspring, thus allowing the entire population to survive the change.
Why might a mutation be beneficial to the individual organism and population?
500
Watson & Crick AND Rosalind
Describe the process/experiment in which DNA structure was discovered. Name the scientists involved.
500
Transcription: process in which RNA polymerase helps make an RNA copy of a gene sequence
Translation: synthesis of proteins directed by a mRNA template; genetic information must be "translated" into "language" of protein
Explain the process of protein synthesis. Include the two steps involved.
500
Answers may vary.
(in other words, I'm too lazy)
Describe a realistic situation in which genetic engineering would be used.
(key word: REALISTIC)