Modern History Revision T2-3 Holidays

Power and Authority

100

In which year was Hitler named chancellor?

1933

200

What is the word for the idea that Germany should be economically self sufficient?

Autarky 

300

In the Weimar Constitution, which article allowed the president to declare a state of emergency and enabled them to rule as a dictator?

Article 48

400

Under the Treaty of Versailles, the German army was restricted to what number?

100, 000

500

Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe?

Hermann Göering

Russia and the USSR 1917-1941

100

What event brought the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in 1917?

The October Revolution, when the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government.

200

Why did Lenin agree to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and what were its consequences?

Possible answers:

• Why:
  • Russia needed to withdraw from World War I.
  • Lenin wanted to focus on securing Bolshevik power.
  • The Russian army was collapsing.
  • It fulfilled the Bolshevik promise of "Peace."
• Consequences:
  • Russia lost large amounts of territory, population and resources.
  • The treaty was highly unpopular.
  • It contributed to the outbreak of the Russian Civil War.
  • Germany gained significant territory until the treaty was overturned after its defeat in 1918.

300

What was the New Economic Policy, and why was it introduced in 1921?

Possible answers:

• Reintroduced limited private enterprise.
• Allowed peasants to sell surplus produce.
• Introduced to rebuild the economy after War Communism.
• Reduced unrest following famine and the Kronstadt Rebellion.

400

Name and describe TWO methods Stalin used to defeat his rivals and gain control of the Communist Party.

Possible answers:

• He used his position as General Secretary to appoint supporters to important Party roles.
• He formed temporary alliances, first against Trotsky and later against Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin.
• He presented himself as Lenin’s loyal successor.
• He promoted the policy of Socialism in One Country.
• He isolated opponents and removed them from Party positions.
• He controlled access to Party membership and voting blocs.

500

Identify and describe FOUR ways Stalin controlled the lives of ordinary Soviet citizens.

Possible answers:

• Censorship – Controlled newspapers, books, films and other media to ensure only approved ideas were published.

• Propaganda – Used posters, radio, film and speeches to promote communist ideals and glorify Stalin.

• Cult of Personality – Presented Stalin as the wise, infallible "Father of the Nation."

• Education – Schools taught communist ideology and loyalty to Stalin.

• Komsomol / Young Pioneers – Youth organisations that encouraged loyalty to the Communist Party from an early age.

• NKVD / Secret Police – Monitored the population, arrested opponents and created a climate of fear.

• The Great Purges – Removed real and perceived enemies through arrests, executions and labour camps.

• Socialist Realism – Required artists, writers and filmmakers to portray the Soviet Union and Stalin positively.

• Suppression of Religion – Churches were closed, religious leaders persecuted and atheism promoted.

• Internal Passports – Restricted movement and made it easier for the state to monitor citizens.

Conflict in the Gulf 1980-2011

100

What political party ruled Iraq from 1968-2003?

Baath Party

200

Give three key reasons for Iraqs invasion of Kuwait in 1991.

-Substantial war debt

-Conflict over the Rumaila oil fields

-Allegations that Kuwait was overproducing oil to drive down prices

-Iraq claimed Kuwait was Iraqi territory historically.

300

Which groups attempted uprisings in 1991

The Kurds and the Shiites

400

Name and describe TWO key UN Resolutions that were applied to Iraq between 1990 and 2003

Possible answers:

• UN Resolution 660 (1990) – Condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and demanded immediate withdrawal.
• UN Resolution 678 (1990) – Authorised the use of force if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by 15 January 1991.
• UN Resolution 687 (1991) – Required Iraq to eliminate its WMD program and accept UN weapons inspections.
• UN Resolution 688 (1991) – Condemned Iraq's repression of Kurdish and Shi'ite civilians and demanded humanitarian access.
• UN Resolution 986 (1995) – Established the Oil-for-Food Programme, allowing Iraq to sell limited oil to buy humanitarian supplies.
• UN Resolution 1284 (1999) – Created UNMOVIC to replace UNSCOM as Iraq's weapons inspection body.
• UN Resolution 1441 (2002) – Gave Iraq a "final opportunity" to comply with inspections and warned of serious consequences for continued non-compliance.

500

Summarise TWO major arguments for and TWO major arguments against the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Arguments for invasion:

• Iraq was accused of possessing weapons of mass destruction and failing to cooperate fully with UN inspectors.
• Supporters argued Saddam had repeatedly breached UN resolutions, particularly Resolution 1441.
• The Bush administration claimed Iraq could potentially provide weapons or support to terrorist groups.
• Removing Saddam would end an oppressive dictatorship and allow democracy to develop.
• Supporters argued preventative action was necessary after 9/11.

Arguments against invasion:

• UN inspectors had not found clear evidence of active WMD stockpiles.
• Critics argued inspections and diplomacy had not been exhausted.
• There was no proven operational link between Saddam Hussein and the 9/11 attacks.
• France, Germany and others argued the war lacked clear UN authorisation.
• Critics warned that invasion could destabilise Iraq, increase sectarian conflict and create a lengthy occupation.

Civil Rights in the USA

100

What Supreme Court case declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional?

Brown v Board of Education

200

Identify and describe TWO methods used during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

• Bus boycott – African Americans refused to use city buses for over a year.

• Carpool system – Volunteers drove workers to reduce reliance on buses.

• Walking – Many participants walked long distances to work and school.

• Legal challenge – The boycott supported court action that ultimately ended bus segregation.

300

What was CORE, and what methods did it use to challenge racial segregation?

Possible answers:

• CORE stood for the Congress of Racial Equality.
• It promoted non-violent direct action.
• It organised sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations.
• It later helped organise the Freedom Rides.
• Its methods were influenced by Gandhi’s approach to non-violence.

400

Identify and describe TWO differences between Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X.

• Integration vs Black nationalism – King sought integration; Malcolm X initially promoted Black separatism and self-determination.

• Non-violence vs self-defence – King advocated non-violent resistance; Malcolm X argued African Americans had the right to defend themselves "by any means necessary."

• Working with whites – King supported interracial cooperation; Malcolm X was initially sceptical of white involvement.

• Religious influences – King was a Christian minister; Malcolm X was a leading figure in the Nation of Islam before his pilgrimage to Mecca.

500

Identify and describe FOUR ways Jim Crow laws limited the rights of African Americans.

• Education – Segregated and unequal schools.

• Voting – Literacy tests, poll taxes and intimidation prevented many African Americans from voting.

• Public facilities – Separate buses, restaurants, toilets and drinking fountains.

• Employment – Limited access to skilled jobs and equal pay.

• Justice – Unequal treatment in courts and policing.

• Housing – Segregated neighbourhoods and discriminatory housing practices.

• Marriage – Laws banning interracial marriage in many Southern states.

HSC Exam

100

How many sections are in your HSC exam?

Four

200

You will need to write a 25 mark essay for which two topics?

Russia and Conflict in the Gulf

300

How many hours, plus reading time, is your Modern History exam?

3 hours plus 5 minutes reading time.

400

What is the mark range for the final question in the Power and Authority and Cultural Revolution sections?

10-15 marks

500

In Sections 1 and 4, which question does Miss Newman recommend you start with?

the extended response