These 7, largely Protestant northern provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579
Netherlands (the Dutch)
100
The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain is called
skepticism
100
This conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families lasted for a very long time.
30 Years War
100
The Russian title meaning "caesar"
czar
100
This group of government ministers, or officials, acted in the ruler’s name but in reality represented the major party of Parliament.
cabinet
200
This Spanish social class did not have to pay any taxes.
Nobles
200
This most powerful ruler in French history reportedly boasted, “L’état, c’est moi,” meaning “I am the state.”
Louis XIV
200
This family ruled the Austrian Empire up until WWI
Hapsburg
200
Russia's landowning nobles
boyars
200
The bloodless overthrow of King James II is called the
Glorious Revolution
300
The publication of his Don Quixote de la Mancha in 1605 is often called the birth of the modern European novel.
Miguel de Cervantes
300
In 1598, Henry of Navarre declared that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities in this declaration of religious toleration
Edict of Nantes
300
This first true "world war" began in 1756 and was fought by every great European power in Europe, India, and North America.
Seven Years’ War
300
This dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years (1613–1917).
Romanov
300
This time period saw Charles II bring back the British monarchy.
Restoration
400
The mania for these bulbs in the Netherlands created millionaires overnight while plunging other speculators into poverty.
Tulips
400
This Catholic Church leader became the virtual ruler of France while serving as Louis XIII’s minister.
Cardinal Richelieu
400
This 1648 treaty introduced a new method of peace negotiation, still used today, whereby all participants meet to settle the problems of a war and decide the terms of peace.
The Peace of Westphalia
400
This czar, who helped westernize Russia, was known as one of Russia's greatest reformers.
Peter the Great
400
He abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords in 1649 and established a commonwealth, but eventually became a military dictator.
Oliver Cromwell
500
Absolute monarchs believed in this idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth.
Divine Right
500
This war from 1701 to 1714 finally ended with The Treaty of Utrecht which allowed Louis XIV's grandson to remain king of Spain so long as the thrones of France and Spain were not united.
War of the Spanish Succession
500
This family ruled the Prussian Empire (in present-day Germany)
Hohenzollerns
500
Peter the Great established this Russian capital city.
St. Petersburg
500
This 1679 law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner. The judge would decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free.