Nucleic acids
what are the two types (polymers) of nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
What bonds to proteins form and what type of bonds are they?
protein bonds= peptide bonds
type of bond= covalent
What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates?
monomers= monosaccharides
What type of interactions do phospholipids engage in?
hydrophobic interactions
what is a covalent bond?
covalent bond= when two atoms share a pair of electrons
Describe the differences between DNA & RNA
-RNA uses the bases ACGU and DNA uses the bases ACGT
-DNA= deoxyribose sugar RNA= ribose sugar
-DNA has no oxygen at C2 RNA has OH at C2
What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
monomers= amino acids which are bonded together by peptide bonds
What are were the two disaccharide & the three polysaccharides discussed in class?
DI= lactose + sucrose
Poly= glycogen, starch + cellulose
What are phospholipids composed of?
what is a non polar covalent bond?
when electrons are shared equally btwn atoms
What are the monomers (building blocks) that make up DNA & RNA?
The monomers of DNA and RNA are nucleotides (nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphate-> nucleoside: sugar + base)
What are amino acids made up of? (hint: one part is an amino group NH)
made up of= amino group, carboxyl group, R group (side group)
What are the bonds called that connect the monomers of carbohydrates?
bonds= glycosidic bonds
What does it mean when it is said that phospholipids are amphipatic in nature?
phospholipids have both hydrophobic (tails) & hydrophilic (heads) components
what is an ionic bond?
When opposite charges attract and the cation donates its electrons to the anion
Describe the structure of DNA
-polymerized (built) in the 5'-> 3' direction
-strands are complementary & run antiparallel
What types of R groups are there, and what do they indicate?
types= hydrophobic and hydrophilic
indicate= defines the type of amino acid (20 types)
what are the two types of carbohydrate chains that can form?
complex chains= long chains of connected monosaccharides
cyclic= 5-6 carbon ring most common
describe what it means for a phospholipid to be saturated & unsaturated
saturated= (trans) single bonds + rigid
unsaturated= (cis) double bonds + fluid
Which macromolecules bonds, are covalent bonds? and what are the names of those bonds?
proteins (peptide), carbohydrates (glycosidic), nucleic acids (phosphodiester)
Denaturing: unzips DNA strands-> breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the bases together-> separates the bases
describe the different protein structures (hint: primary, secondary and tertiary)
primary= protein folds after amino acid chain is formed
secondary= alpha helices & beta sheets are formed
tertiary= proteins are folded into a 3D structure **protein is now functional
what are saccharides?
saccharides= sugars
what does it mean when a phospholipid has more cis bonds?
more cis bonds= packed less tightly-> more fluid-> less rigid *more kinks in the chain
describe van der Waals
van der waals= fluctuation of charge across molecules *can have temporary interactions btwn polar molecules