Overview of U.S. Health Care Delivery
This 2010 federal legislative act, informally known as Obamacare, sought to increase health insurance coverage but did not establish universal coverage across the nation
What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
In Canada's national health insurance system, health care delivery relies largely on these types of medical providers rather than state employees
What are private providers?
This prevailing Western clinical perspective defines health narrowly as the absence of illness or disease
What is the medical model (or biomedical model)?
This determinant category involves personal daily decisions regarding diet, physical activity, and substance use
What is behavior (or lifestyle)?
In contrast to individual medical care, the primary mission of this overarching discipline is to protect and improve community and population health
What is public health?
Representing the integrated framework of health delivery, these four functions, abbreviated as financing, insurance, delivery, and payment, constitute this specific operational model
What is the quad-function model?
Under the socialized health insurance model in Germany, mandatory payroll contributions are collected and distributed by these private non-profit insurance entities
What are sickness funds?
The World Health Organization defines health as a complete state of physical, mental, and this third dimension of well being
What is social well being?
This market theory asserts that medical care is an economic good that should be distributed based on an individual's willingness and ability to pay
What is market justice?
Disease transmission occurring when infectious agents jump directly or indirectly from animals to humans is categorized by this scientific term
What is zoonotic (or zoonosis)?
This is the dominant subsystem of health care delivery in the United States that integrates core functions to control utilization and medical costs
What is managed care (or Managed Care Organizations / MCOs)?
This nation operates a tax supported National Health Service where the government directly manages the service infrastructure and employs most physicians
What is the United Kingdom?
This category of medical disease is relatively severe, episodic, of short duration, and typically treated in an inpatient hospital setting
What is an acute condition?
This social model views health care as a basic social right, advocating for planned central distribution regardless of personal financial status
What is social justice?
Initiated by the federal government in 1979, these recurring 10-year plans establish national benchmarks to guide health promotion and disease prevention
What are the Healthy People initiatives?
The VA health care system organizes its delivery facilities across the country into 18 distinct regional administrative entities known by this abbreviation
What are VISNs (Veterans Integrated Service Networks)?
In contrast to other developed nations, the United States distributes health resources within this type of economic structure, where pricing is not driven entirely by competitive supply and demand
What is an imperfect market (or quasi-market)?
While "disease" is diagnosed by a medical professional, this related term refers to a person's individual perception and subjective experience of not feeling well
What is illness?
Under a market justice framework, access barriers that restrict care based on financial capacity and price are referred to as this specific type of rationing
What is demand side rationing (or price rationing)?
In value based health care models, value is defined as the achieved quality of care divided by this variable
What is cost?
Passed in 1986, this federal law mandates that hospital emergency departments screen, evaluate, and stabilize all patients regardless of their ability to pay
What is EMTALA (Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act)?
Clinicians frequently practice this type of medicine, ordering excess diagnostic tests and excess documentation, primarily to mitigate malpractice exposure and legal risks
What is defensive medicine?
This collaborative, multisectoral approach led by the CDC recognizes that the health of people is inextricably tied to the health of animals and the shared environment
What is One Health?
Beyond behavior, medical access, and heredity, this broad category encompasses socioeconomic, physical, and sociopolitical environments affecting health disparities
What is environment (or environmental determinants)?
Adopted by the United Nations in 2016, this specific numbered Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) focuses explicitly on ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all ages
What is SDG 3?