Earth Features
These are the natural parts of Earth’s surface—like mountains, rivers, valleys, and plains—that make up the land and water we see.
Earth Features
This picture was used as a model to show how rock layers in the Grand Canyon are stacked in horizontal layers over time.
This process breaks down rocks into smaller pieces at Earth’s surface through wind, water, ice, or temperature changes.
weathering
What is the first phase of the engineering process?
Ask
These natural actions—like weathering, erosion, deposition, earthquakes, and volcanic activity—constantly shape and change Earth’s surface.
Earth processes
These are the visible bands of different colors and materials in rock that show how the Earth changed over time, often seen in places like the Grand Canyon.
Rock Layers
These are preserved remains or traces of ancient plants and animals that are often found in rock layers and help scientists learn about Earth’s past.
Fossils
This process moves weathered rock and soil from one place to another by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
erosion
What are 2 ways that engineers can share their findings?
Newspaper, speeches, word of mouth, pictures, diagrams, social media, etc.
True or False. Volcanoes are only earth features.
False. Volcanoes can be earth features and processes
What are at least 3 examples of features of the Grand Canyon?
Steep rock walls, deep narrow valleys, layered rocks, rivers, cliffs, wide opening
In a sequence of rock layers labeled A through F, which layer is the oldest if A is on top and F is on the bottom? What fossils are present in the oldest layer.
F is the oldest and None
What are the 4 main causes of weathering? Think about the investigation stations!
water, wind, ice, plant roots
These two brothers used the engineering design process to plan, build, test, and improve the first successful airplane.
The Wright Brothers
Why do beavers and humans build dams? Give at least 2 examples.
To control water, create habitats, store water, prevent flooding , and for power.
This is the process where flowing water, wind, and weather slowly wear away rock and soil over a long period of time to create deep valleys like canyons.
How Canyons Form
What do rock layers reveal about the landscape?
These layers of rock can show how a landscape has changed over time by revealing past environments, such as ancient oceans, deserts, and mountains.
This invisible force pulls weathered rock and soil downhill, helping cause landslides and moving sediment during erosion.
Gravity
True or Fale: The engineering process is a ongoing cycle that engineers go through as they design.
False. The engineering process is like a spider web. Engineers can bounce back and forth between phases.
This dam on the Salt River in Arizona helps store and control water and was named after a U.S. president who supported conservation.
Theodore Roosevelt Dam
This U.S. Army officer and geologist led the first documented expedition to navigate the full length of the Grand Canyon by boat in 1869.
John Wesley Powell
Put the following rock layers in order from oldest to youngest:
A B C D E F
F E D C B A
What is the rate of erosion and how did we test this during the investigation stations?
This is how fast erosion happens, and we figured it out at our investigation stations by the different cups of water using our stream tables.
How many times do engineers typically revise and test their prototypes?
3
This type of map shows the shape and elevation of the land—like mountains and valleys—using shading or 3D features.
Relief Map