Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency
Chapter 4: Measures of Variability
Chapter 5: Visualizing Data
Chapter 6: Correlation Coefficients
Interpretation-Based Questions
100
The three most common measures of central tendency
What are the mean, median, and mode?
100
The three common measures of variability:
What are Range, Standard Deviation, and Variance?
100
This graph conveys the same information as a frequency distribution table
Histogram and/or Frequency Polygon
100
This type of correlation indicates that both variables change in the same direction: For example, as variable (X) increases, variable (Y) increases.
What is a positive correlation
100
Interpret the following mean and standard deviation:
The state of CT sampled 5,000 high schoolers and measured the number of books they read annually.
Mean = 6.75
Standard Deviation = 9.31
Among this sample of high school students, the average number of books read annually is 6.75. Any one individual is expected to vary (or deviate) from the mean of 6.75, by 9.31 books per year.
200
This measure of central tendency is considered the least precise
What is the Mode?
200
This measure of variability is considered the most precise.
What is the standard deviation?
200
This term would be used to describe a distribution of exam scores in which most individual scored very high and only a few scored very low
What is negative skew?
200
What would best describe the strength of this correlation: r = -0.88
The correlation is very strong
200
Fully interpret the following correlation between self-reported number of delinquent peers (X) and number of prior arrests (Y)
r = +0.66
Strength: Strong
Direction: Positive; as the number of delinquent peers increases, the number of prior arrests also increases
300
Examples of this level of measurement include temperature and credit scores.
What are Interval-level measures?
300
This type of kurtosis best describes a distribution with a very low standard deviation
What is leptokurtic
300
This term would be used to describe a distribution with very high variability and a distribution that appears very flat.
What is platykurtic?
300
This type of graph is most commonly associated with correlations
What is a scatterplot?
300
If the following histogram depicts course satisfaction, Describe what the histogram indicates to you about students' satisfaction with the course.
Few students are extremely satisfied or dissatisfied with the course. Most are in the middle (neither satisfied or dissatisfied).
400
This measure of central tendency should be used when the data set contained an outlier
What is the Median?
400
What effect does an outlier have on measures of variability?
Outliers inflate all measures of variability
400
This form of visualization would be best suited for visualizing continuous data.
What is a histogram
400
This measure indicated the percent of variability in variable (Y) explained by variable (X)
What is the coefficient of determination? (CoD)
400
Calculate and interpret the coefficient of determination for the following correlation between self-reported number of delinquent peers (X) and number of prior arrests (Y): r = +0.66
r2 = 0.4366; 43.66% of the variability (or differences) in prior arrest can be explained by the number of delinquent peers
500
True/False: The mean, median, and mode should be equal if a distribution is not skewed
True
500
True/False: The range can be calculated for both continuous and categorical data.
False
500
True/False: A pie chart and a bar chart can be used to convey the same information
True
500
True/False: A correlation can be used to establish a causal relationship
False