Vocabulary
The process of getting air into the lungs and back out.
What is ventilation.
The process of O2 and CO2 exchange between the body cells and the blood.
What is internal respiration.
Difficulty exhaling due to lack of elastic tissue. Can be caused by cigarette smoking.
The ___________ _____________ has two functions. One if provides olfaction-ability to smell and it acts as an air conditioner. It changes the inhaled air in a way that makes it more favorable to the body.
What is the nasal cavity.
Your abdominal muscles are tightly contracted while breathing. Are you inhaling or exhaling? Is the breathing forced or normal?
What is the person is forcefully exhaling. The abdominal muscles are muscles of forced expiration.
You are breathing. Your sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are contracted as far as possible. Is the volume of air in the lungs closest to the tidal volume, residual capacity, functional residual capacity, or total lung capacity?
What is the lungs are filling to the total lung capacity. The sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are the muscles of forced inspiration. So, this person is inhaling as much as possible.
Cells burn food for energy in a process called _________________ ____________________.
What is cellular respiration.
The second stage of aerobic respiration is the ______________ stage. In this stage, the products of the first stage are converted to acetyl co-enzyme A. This results in two molecules of ____________ being converted to NADH, which head to the final stage of aerobic respiration.
What is oxidation of pyruvate (acetyl co-enzyme A formation) and NAD+.
The ease with which the lungs inflate.
What is compliance.
Air in the pleural, which leads to collapsed lung.
What is pneumothorax.
A lung infection which builds up fluid in the alveoli.
What is pneumonia.
A passageway for both air and food.
What is the pharynx.
Your diaphragm is contracted. What is the pressure in the lungs compared to that of the atmosphere while the air is still flowing?
The pressure in the lungs is lower than that of the atmosphere, if air is flowing in. When the diaphragm is contracted and air is flowing, the person is inhaling, because the volume in the thoracic cavity is large, and thus the pressure in the lungs is low.
The major job of respiration is to take ____________ into the blood and remove _____________ __________.
What is oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The most efficient way for cells to produce energy is through ________________ ________________, which involves converting __________________ (C6H12O6) into _____________ ________________ (CO2) and ___________ (H2O).
What is aerobic respiration, glucose, carbon dioxide, and water.
In the second stage, towards the end, two molecules of ______________ ______________ are produced, but no _________.
What is carbon dioxide and ATP.
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
What is tidal volume.
The part of the respiratory system containing the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
What is the upper respiratory tract.
A loss of negative pressure in the pleural cavity.
What is pneumothorax.
The ____________, often called the voice box, contains the vocal cords, which give you your ability to make intricate sounds so that you can speak, shout, or sing.
What is the larnyx.
You have swallowed a piece of steak. You are choking due to a partial obstruction. Of the six factors which increase the efficiency of external respiration, which is effected.
What is the relationship between ventilation and blood flow. If the airway is blocked, not enough air gets to the lungs. However, the blood does not slow down.
The more _______________ _____________ in the blood plasma, the _______________ the pH of the blood.
What is carbon dioxide and lower.
Aerobic respiration leads to the release of a lot of energy which is stored in the cell as ____________ __________________ or known at __________.
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The third stage of aerobic respiration is ____________. In this stage, the acetyl co-enzyme A react with _____________, which, after a series of reactions, is produced again, ready to start the next cycle. In the process, four molecules of ____________ are produced, along with six molecules of NADH and two molecules of ____________, which all head to the final stage of aerobic respiration.
What is citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), oxaloacetic acid, CO2, and FADH2.
The part of the respiratory system containing the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
What is the lower respiratory tract.
To take in by means of suction.
What is aspirate.
The harsh or hoarse sound produced during sleep when air passes by relaxed, vibrating tissues in the upper airway, specifically the soft palate, tongue or pharynx.
What is snoring.
This is called the windpipe. It has about 20 pieces of cartilage that are shaped like the letter C.
The _____________ splits into two ___________ which each carry air to and from the lungs.
What is the trachea.
What is the trachea and bronchi.
This is a protective, involuntary mechanism that prevents overinflation of the lungs.
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex.
You are in the middle of a race. You are running hard. Your blood pH is falling. What do you do to raise your blood pH?
Cellular respiration is a simple chemical reaction that takes place in three enzyme-controlled stages: _______________, __________________, and the ______________________.
What is glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and the electron transport system.
The final stage of aerobic respiration is ______________. In this stage, the _______________ and __________ made in the previous stages release their electrons and their _____________.
What is the electron transport chain, NADH, FADH2, and H+ or hydrogen ions.
A molecule with a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.
What is surfactant.
The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
What is functional residual capacity.
Difficulty inhaling due to a lack of surfactant in the alveolar fluid.
What is respiratory distress syndrome.
A dome shaped, muscular, and membranous sheet that separates the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity. Acts as a barrier separating internal organs.
What is the diaphragm.
In the Hering-Breuer reflex, receptors int the bronchioles send signals to what part of the brain? Are the signals excitatory or inhibitory?
What is the medulla oblongata, where the respiratory control centers are located. The signals are inhibitory, since they prevent overinflation of the lungs.
What is the normal pH of your blood?
What is 7.35-7.45.
The first stage of aerobic respiration is ____________. In this stage, glucose is broken down into two molecules of ________________, which then enter the second stage of aerobic respiration. It takes two molecules of _____________, to start the process, but by the end, ______________ molecules of that same substance are made. In addition, two molecules of NAD+, are converted to two molecules of _____________, which head to the final stage of aerobic respiration.
What is glycolysis, pyruvate, ATP, 4, and NADH.
Electrons travel through a chain of carrier proteins that use the energy of the electrons to transport hydrogen ions over the inner mitochondrial membrane. When the hydrogen ions come back through the membrane, 32 molecules of ____________ are formed.
What is ATP.