Vocabulary
Fill in the blank and identify the POS:
While it is good to offer constructive feedback, we should always try to avoid __________ others if they are trying their best.
a) critical
b) criticize
c) criticizing
criticizing (v - gerund form)
What are four strategies for paraphrasing quotes?
1. Rearrange the sentence structure/clause order
2. Find appropriate synonyms (serious > significant)
3. Change from active to passive voice (or vice versa)
4. Change word forms (ethics > ethical)
Change the sentence from active to passive voice (present simple):
Many companies now treat their workers more fairly.
Answer:
Workers are now treated more fairly by many companies.
Identify the relative clause and the relative pronoun used to introduce it in the following sentence:
In modern society, ethics increasingly represents a major concern that is very important to consumers.
Relative clause:
that is very important to consumers.
Relative pronoun:
that
Identify the conditional in the following sentence and explain why it is being used:
If businesses do not act ethically, they will risk losing customers.
First conditional (real) - Used to make a prediction about the future that will come true 50-90% of the time; a future result of a condition being met
Notice: If clause uses present simple or present continuous; result clause references the future (can use future simple or present continuous to do so; can also use going to + base verb or modal + base verb)
Fill in the blank and identify the POS:
If I witness someone doing something unethical, it is difficult to predict how I will _________.
a) reaction
b) react
c) reactive
react (v)
What three things do you always need to provide when quoting directly?
1. Author/s' last name (either in the signal phrase or, if not mentioned there, in citation at end)
2. DOP (date of publication) after the author/s' last name if mentioned in signal phrase; in citation at end if not
3. The page (p. #) or paragraph (para. # - count down from the top of the page for online sources) number if the page number is not provided; always in citation at end of sentence; not required for paraphrases
Change the sentence from active to passive voice (past simple):
We watched a series of videos about ethics in LSA.
Answer:
In LSA, a series of videos about ethics were watched.
Identify the relative clause and the relative pronoun used to introduce it in the following sentence:
As a result of recent protests, there may be a time in the future when taking on sustainable business practices is considered necessary for all companies.
Relative clause:
when taking on sustainable business practices is considered necessary for all companies.
Relative pronoun:
when
Identify the conditional in the following sentence and explain why it is being used:
I feel bad if I do something wrong.
Zero conditional (real) - Used to express ideas that are usually or always true; a usual result of a condition being met
Notice: If clause can use present simple or present continuous; result uses simple present or modal + base verb; expresses general or scientific truths, habits, advice, instructions, or invitations
Fill in the blanks and identify the POS for both words:
Often, it is not until after a process has already begun that we stop to __________ its effects on __________.
a) considerations/societal
b) consider/society
c) society/consider
b) consider (v) / society (n)
What are some stronger and/or more academic reporting verbs for says/said?
Answer (more possible):
states, claims, emphasizes, notes, mentions, notes, observes, points out, suggests, explains, stresses
Change the sentence from active to passive voice (present perfect):
My brother has never written about renewable energies.
Answer:
Renewable energies have never been written about by my brother.
Identify the relative clause and the relative pronoun used to introduce it in the following sentence:
Apple is an extremely successful company; however, we also need to explore the reasons why they are so profitable.
Relative clause:
why they are so profitable.
Relative pronoun:
why
Identify the conditional in the following sentence and explain why it is being used:
If we had approached the environment differently, more animals would have been saved.
Third conditional (unreal) - Used to express regrets about the past (therefore true 0% of the time); an imaginary past result of an imaginary past condition being met
Notice: Combination of if and result clause expresses regret; a past action we wish we had completed or completed differently (if clause uses past perfect; result clause uses would + present perfect)
Fill in the blanks and identify the POS for both words:
In life, difficult moments will ___________ ___________. However, it is how we respond to them that will define us.
a) inevitably/occur
b) considerably/emerge
c) inevitable/occurence
inevitably (adv) / occur (v)
Can you spot the error in the following signal phrase and quote?
Menchacha argues that "reaching a perfect standard is a daunting, if not impossible, task," but what he fails to recognize is that the safety of driverless cars cannot be left to chance (2017, p. 181).
Date needs to come after author's last name when name appears in the signal phrase:
Menchacha (2017) argues that "reaching a perfect standard is a daunting, if not impossible, task," but what he fails to recognize is that the safety of driverless cars cannot be left to chance (p. 181).
Change the sentence from active to passive voice (present continuous):
We are reviewing conditionals.
Answer:
Conditionals are being reviewed by us.
Identify the relative clause error in the following sentence:
Canada Goose which has been making winter jackets since 1957 claims that all of its products are ethically made.
Non-defining relative clauses require a comma on both sides:
Canada Goose, which has been making winter jackets since 1957, claims that all of its products are ethically made.
Identify the conditional in the following sentence and explain why it is being used:
If I was rich, I would be the most ethical person I could possibly be.
Second conditional (unreal) - used to express imaginary situations, wishes, advice, and unlikely/impossible results that have a 0-10% chance of coming true; an imaginary result of an imaginary condition being met
Notice: If clause uses past form of to be (past simple or past continuous) to show distance from reality; result clause uses past tense of will (would) + base form of verb to show a prediction that is distant in reality and time (two distances)
Fill in the blanks and identify the POS for all words:
Voters initially had a strong ___________ to the controversy which caused many people to question the ___________ of their current political leader. However, because no other candidate had ___________, the result still seemed ___________.
a) reaction/judgement/emerged/inevitable
b) reactive/judgemental/emergent/inevitability
a) reaction (n) / judgement (n) /
emerged (v) / inevitable (adj.)
See the sentence below and its paraphrase; decide whether it is a good paraphrase or not:
Some experts and analysts believe solving the trolley problem could be a simple matter of regulators or legislators deciding in advance what actions a self-driving car should take in a no-win situation.
Paraphrase:
As a result of regulators and lawmakers deciding what autonomous vehicles should do in no-win scenarios, a number of experts and analysts believe a solution to the trolley problem could be easily determined.
Oh, yeah - this looks good to me.
(Changed sentence structure, used synonyms where needed, and used different parts of speech, but original meaning is still the same)
Change the sentence from active to passive voice (modals):
Caring about ethics can change society.
Answer:
Society can be changed by caring about ethics.
Identify the relative clause error in the following sentence:
It is difficult to understand celebrities, who wear fur coats, but then post selfies with their pet chinchilla.
Defining relative clause; therefore, no commas needed.
It is difficult to understand celebrities who wear fur coats but then post selfies with their pet chinchilla.
Decide whether the following sentence is a conditional or not and explain why:
Companies will ultimately lose money unless they begin to integrate ethics into their business models.
Yes, it is!
Here we are starting with the result clause and substituting if for unless in order to begin our if clause to form the first conditional (real).