Water
What is the desired water balance?
water intake equals water excretion
What parts of the brain regulate hormones and hunger?
the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
What motion does the esophagus use to transport the bolus?
peristalsis
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? What are the suffixes for each?
Catabolism breaks down macromolecules (suffix is lysis)
Anabolism builds up (suffix is genesis)
What hormone regulates and allows glucose to go into the cells and be converted into glycogen by glycogenesis?
insulin (secreted by pancreas)
water intake is more than water output
List the fasting hormones.
glucagon
What aids in vitamin B12 absorption?
intrinsic factor in the stomach
What two hormones regulate glycogenesis?
glucagon and epinephrine (stimulate the release of glycogen from the liver and muscles)
When sleeping, the body still uses energy. Once all of the energy provided by dinner is burned up, where does the body get the energy?
Glycogen (breaks glycogen down into glucose through glycogenesis)
What are the daily recommendations of water for males and females?
Males 13 cups of fluid
Females 9 cups of fluid
List three "fed" hormones.
Which of the following does NOT digest protein?
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, protease, sucrase
sucrase: digests sugars
What happens to the extra calories if an individual is eating in excess? What is the opposite of this?
Lipogenesis (creation of body fat)
Lipolysis (breaks down body fat for energy)
What is the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources? What kind of activity is this process used in?
Gluconeogenesis
High-intensity Exercise
What are some examples of beverages that contribute to our fluoride intake?
Coffee and tea that use fluoride infused water
What part of the GI tract eats soluble fiber?
List three of the functions of HCl
Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
denatures protein
release nutrients from organic compounds
act as bactericide
These are created when there is a lack of carbohydrates in the diet. They are acidic and are made by fatty acids turning into acetyl-CoA. What are they? What is the process of fatty acids turning into acetyl-CoA called?
ketones
beta-oxidation
Who are the target audiences medically for the keto diet? Why does this provide different effects from a regular diet?
Epileptic and Cognitive Disorder patients
This helps because the brian receives different nutrients to support its function. Instead of glucose from carbohydrates, it mainly uses fat and limited protein.
digestion, metabolism, absorption, excretion
structure of molecules and cells
circulatory system (maintain blood volume)
transport medium for nutrients and substances
lubricant and cushioning (joints)
body temperature maintenance
Explain the difference between a micelle and a chylomicron
Micelle: emulsified fat
Chylomicron: proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides
What system in the body do fats get absorbed into?
lymphatic system
What are the percentages of macromolecules that make ketogenesis?
low carbs 5-10%
moderate protein 5-20%
high fat 70-90%
Draw a pathway of how carbohydrates turn into energy that the body can use
Carbs -> monosaccharides -> glyocolysis -> acetyl-CoA -> TCA cycle (citric acid cycle) -> electron transport chain -> ATP (energy!)