Equal Protection Clause
In Brown V. The Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court cited the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause as the rationale for declaring this doctrine unconstitutional.
What is "separate but equal?"
This landmark 1896 supreme court case cited that racial segregation was constitutional based on the 14th amendment.
What is Plessy V. Ferguson?
These two titles of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensure that English language learners are protected from discrimination in federally funded programs and in the workplace.
What are Title VI and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
This law ensures that children with disabilities receive a free, appropriate public education and emphasizes individualized education programs (IEPs) and parent involvement.
What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)?
In Smith v. Robinson (1984), the court ruled that a school violated this law when it expelled a student with ADHD without considering whether the behavior was related to the student's disability, as the law requires accommodations for students with disabilities.
What is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973?
In Mendez V. Westminster (1947), the Ninth Circuit Federal Court ruled the 14th amendment declared this practice to be unconstitutional under the equal protection clause and the doctrine of separate but equal established in Brown.
What is segregation based on language?
This concept was solidified in the US Supreme Court case Florence County V. Shannon Carter (1991). This concept/process stems from the IDEA that students must be educated in the least restrictive environment.
What is mainstreaming?
This landmark 1990 law ensures that individuals, including English language learners with disabilities, have equal access to public education and accommodations, and mandates appropriate educational services.
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), PL 94-142?
This law extends protections to students with disabilities, ensuring they have equal access to educational opportunities, facilities, and accommodations in public schools and universities.
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
This law was cited in Forest Grove School District v. T.A. (2009), in which the Supreme Court ruled that parents could be reimbursed for private school tuition when a public school fails to provide a free, appropriate public education to a student with disabilities.
What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)?
In Plyer V. Doe (1982), the US Supreme Court ruled citing the equal protection clause that “No State shall … deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The decision overturned the practice of denying public school admission to this group of students.
Who are undocumented immigrants?
In San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973), the US Supreme Court ruled that this controversial system of funding public schools was constitutional and did not violate the equal protection clause.
What is a system based on local property taxes?
This 1974 law requires schools to take action to overcome language barriers that prevent English language learners from participating equally in educational programs.
What is the Equal Education Opportunities Act of 1974?
This principle guarantees that students with disabilities receive tailored educational services at no cost, ensuring access to the general curriculum and meaningful educational benefits.
What is Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)?
This law was cited in the Honig v. Doe (1988) Supreme Court case, in which it was determined that schools could not expel students with disabilities for behaviors related to their disability without following proper procedures, ensuring their right to due process.
What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007), the court cited the Equal Protection Clause as reason for declaring their tiebreaker system for public K-12 school admission unconstitutional. The tiebreaker system was designed to achieve this.
What is racial diversity (or racial balancing)?
In Pierce V. The Society of Sisters (1925), the supreme court ruled the due process clause afforded Americans this right.
What is the right of parents to direct the upbringing of a child's education?
This 1970 memorandum clarified that schools must take affirmative steps to help students who are not proficient in English, ensuring they have equal access to educational opportunities under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.
What is the Civil Rights Memorandum - Title VI, May 25, 1970?
This section of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ensures that students with disabilities receive accommodations and modifications to prevent discrimination in schools that receive federal funding.
What is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act?
In Tennessee v. Lane (2004), the Supreme Court upheld the right of individuals with disabilities to sue states for failing to provide access to public buildings, including schools, under this law.
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
In United States V. Virginia (1996), the court ruled that the equal protection act prevents a state from applying this restriction to admission to achieve educational diversity?
What is a restriction of admission based on gender?
In (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972), the US district court ruled that a Pennsylvania law allowing schools to deny free education to certain students age 8 and up was unconstitutional based on the 14th amendment. This law prevented a state from denying a free education to students of this protected group.
What are students with a mental disability?
This federal law protects English language learners with disabilities by ensuring they receive appropriate accommodations and are not discriminated against in schools and other federally funded programs.
What is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973?
This document outlines specific educational goals, services, and accommodations for students with disabilities and is developed collaboratively by teachers, parents, and specialists.
What is an Individualized Education Plan (IEP)?
In M.C. v. Antelope Valley Union High School District (2017), the court ruled that a student with disabilities was entitled to receive compensatory education services because the school district failed to provide an appropriate education, as required by this principle.
What is Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)?