Follow the Flow
This vessel type is the major site where oxygen, nutrients, and waste move between the blood and tissues.
What are capillaries?
This phase of the cardiac cycle is impaired when stiff ventricles cannot relax and fill normally.
What is diastole?
This occurs when myocardial oxygen supply is inadequate, but the affected cells remain viable.
What is ischemia?
This pathogen characteristic describes the ability of a microorganism to enter a host and multiply.
What is infectivity?
Weakening of host defenses produces this change in susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
What is increased susceptibility?
If the radius of an artery decreases, what happens to resistance and downstream blood flow?
Resistance increases and downstream blood flow decreases.
Decreased left ventricular contractility causes this immediate change in the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat.
What is decreased stroke volume?
A significant increase in heart rate produces this change.
What is increased myocardial oxygen demand?
Viruses depend on this to provide the machinery needed for viral replication.
What is a host cell?
Progressive loss of these immune cells in HIV weakens coordination of both cellular and humoral immune responses.
What are CD4 helper T cells?
Cool, pale extremity with decreased pulses indicates a problem with this type of blood flow.
What is arterial blood flow?
When cardiac output falls, sympathetic activation produces these cardiovascular changes to help maintain perfusion. (3 total)
What are increased heart rate, increased contractility, and vasoconstriction?
During exertion, this imbalance can produce chest discomfort when narrowed coronary arteries cannot increase blood flow enough to meet the heart's increased needs.
What is myocardial oxygen supply not meeting demand?
In the viral life cycle, these four events occur in this order:
What is attachment → penetration → replication → release?
Suppression of T-cell function and inflammatory cytokine production produces this change in a patient.
What is increased infection risk?
When blood cannot efficiently return from the lower extremities, this pressure increases behind the problem.
What is venous pressure?
Decreased renal perfusion activates this compensatory system to increase blood pressure and circulating volume.
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Reduced coronary blood flow begins this physiologic progression that may ultimately result in myocardial cell death.
What is reduced coronary flow → decreased oxygen delivery → ischemia → cell death if prolonged?
This type of bacterial toxin typically produces a specific effect on particular cells or tissues rather than the widespread inflammatory response associated with endotoxin.
What is an exotoxin?
This hypersensitivity reaction causes tissue injury through immune-complex deposition.
What is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Increased blood viscosity makes perfusion more difficult because it causes this change in blood flow.
What is increased resistance to blood flow?
With chronic RAAS activation in heart failure, sodium and water retention increase this ventricular filling load, while vasoconstriction increases afterload.
What is preload?
This irreversible consequence can occur when myocardial ischemia persists long enough for viable cells to progress to cell death.
What is myocardial infarction?
During a severe systemic bacterial infection, widespread inflammation produces these two vascular changes that can lead to hypotension and decreased tissue perfusion.
What are vasodilation and increased capillary permeability/capillary leak?
Unlike Type I hypersensitivity, this reaction does not depend on antibodies and may not appear until 24–72 hours after antigen exposure.
What is Type IV hypersensitivity?