1
Central chemoreceptors detect what?
Peripheral chemoreceptors detect what?
Changes to pH in CSF
Changes to pH in blood
A higher affinity is associated with a left or right shift on a pO2 vs Saturation graph?
Left shift
How is CO2 transported in blood
As bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
Where does the upper respiratory tract end?
Larynx
Hemoglobin has a higher or lower affinity with:
Increased pH
Increased BPG
Carbon monoxide poisoning
High pH = higher affinity (accept O2 at lungs)
High BPG = lower affinity (release O2 at tissues in altitude)
CO poisoning = higher affinity (loss of low-affinity state, HB behaves as Myoglobin)
Where does well developed smooth muscle and cartilage end in the respiratory system?
Bronchioles
What is the function of myoglobin
O2 storage
Define external, internal, and cellular respiration
Ext = Environment -> alveoli
Int = Cells <-> blood
Cell = metabolic processes in mitochondria
The pneumotaxic center in the pons controls what?
Respiratory rate
What 4 variables influence the rate of diffusion
Surface area, pressure gradient, gas solubility and membrane thickness
Insuffecient folate and B12 causes what type of anemia?
Megaloblastic
Enzymes, ligand binding and regulatory proteins tend to all be from what morphological protein catagory
Globular proteins
What RBC disease results in hemoglobin forming fibers due to a genetic mutation?
Alpha helices and beta sheets are part of what level of protein structure
Secondary
What causes expiration in quiet breathing?
And in forced breathing?
Elastic recoil
Internal intercostals and abdominals
Hemoglobin has (high or low) affinity at a high pO2?
High affinity
The dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group are found where?
Which is involved with forced breathing?
Medulla
VRG, it stimulates accessory muscles
Where does the respiratory zone start
What are the functions of Type 1 alveolar cells, type 2 alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages
Type 1: gas exchange
Type 2: repair damage and secrete surfactant
Macro: phagocytize debris and ride mucociliary escalator out
What are the two main factors for pulmonary resistance?
Bronchioles diameter and pulmonary compliance
What are 3 functions of surfactant
K(d) represents what
The ligand concentration when 50% of binding sites are occupied
The amount of gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to what two factors
The partial pressure of the gas and its solubility
What enzyme combines CO2 and H20
Carbonic anhydrase
Breathing depth