London and Nashville
Why was the Crystal Palace built?
the Crystal Palace is culturally significant as the site of the first world's fair
Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870, this man sponsored many improvements throughout Paris including the new program of Boulevards, sewer systems, and public transportation.
Who was Napoleon III?
When did the Industrial Revolution really start an uproar?
When domestic architecture (houses) started to follow industrialization.
This single story dwelling of vernacular Bengali design, usually oriented around a central space, and known for it’s comfort in the heat was appropriated by the British to be a common single story dwelling throughout the warmer regions of it’s empire.
What is a bungalow?
Why was Chicago in the 1900's significant?
The architecture was influenced by capitalism and industrialization which was significantly different from typical architecture.
What was the industrial revolution?
the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
Founded in 1852 and expanded in the subsequent decades, this was the world’s first department store, and a fictionalized version was portrayed in Emile Zola’s book “The Ladies’ Paradise”.
What was the Bon Marché?
What was the rise of arts and crafts in architecture/industrial revolution?
The Arts and Crafts Movement, founded by Morris and influenced by Ruskin, arose in resistance to industrialization. Morris promoted less complex, utilitarian designs as a counter to mass manufacturing, allowing middle-class women to express their abilities. Ruskin's architectural theory opposed industrialization in favor of integrity and materiality, influencing architectural debate in Britain and the U.S.
Built by the British educated Raja Mullick in 1835, this classical styled mansion and garden with a Hindu focused central courtyard had more in common with English country estates than the Bengali built structures built around it.
What is the Marble Palace?
What was wright appreciative of in terms of Chicago's architecture.
Wright was fond of the improvement and growth it represented.
How did the Crystal Palace Challege typical architecture in London?
The innovation of glass and iron made many new structural ideas possible. Since the excise tax on glass was repealed, glass production spiked, enabling more glass to be used in architecture.
Graduate of one of the first schools of architecture, this man led the Emperor’s modernization campaign of Paris by demolishing large swaths of medieval Paris to build new boulevards, plazas, public utilities, and pubic parks.
Who was Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann?
(or who was Haussmann?)
How did industrialization and the rise of arts and crafts affect society norms?
Industrialization was feared because it allowed jobs for both genders and women were able to work. This changed a lot of things in society people didn't like the idea of women working.
This war, along with the opening of the Suez Canal, caused the move of the Colonial Capital of British India from Calcutta to Bombay to capitalize on faster shipping of Indian cotton.
What was the American Civil War?
How did the machinery and technological advancements affect the progress of Chicago's architecture.
The architecture was a direct reflection of these advancements. Incorporating steel and glass that was able to now be mass produced.
Why was the mass production of glass a turning point in the Industrial Revolution?
Glass was one of the rarest materials to use due it being fragile, tedious to make, and having a tax on it. During the Revolution the tax was removed, and new technology was introduced to make larger panes of glass that were not limited to just squares. This lead to new design possiblities.
One of the first modern schools of architecture, this place formalized the education of young architects around a rational organization of space using of plans and sections with weekly “crits”.
What was the Ecole des Beaux Arts?
(or what was the School of Fine Arts)?
What was John Ruskin's Reaction to the Industrial Revolution?
Ruskin advocated for a medieval culture. He believed that architects should always tell the truth in their designs by avoiding the use of ornamentation, which could be misleading to the building materials employed in a design.
Inspired by the Midland Grand Hotel in London, the Victoria Terminus train station in Bombay was designed by Frederick Williams Stevens in this style.
What was Gothic Revival?
What was Wrights main argument?
Wright rejects mass production of non-quality materials. He appreciated what machinery and technology advancements for human's improvement, but not the loss of value from mass production.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the economy?
the economy had been based on agriculture and handicrafts and now was based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. This led industries to be more productive and efficient. Overall, increasing the overall amount of wealth and distributed it more widely helping to enlarge the middle class.
The Landscape architect Adolphe Alphand created the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont in the 1860’s by transforming this industrial space into a public park.
What is a rock quarry?
What was Gertrude Jekyll's career and how does that reflect the effects of the Industrial revolution?
Gertrude Jekyll's career designing green spaces that advocated for native species seems like a career that many women have today. This reflects the rise of arts and craft which allowed women to play the role of a architect.
Many of the Universal Expositions, including the Exposition of 1878 in Paris, featured architecture representing a stylized “history of human habitation” along a space with this name.
What was the Rue des Nations?
What did Wright compare Chicago to?
He compared Chicago to a human body to highlight all of the working parts within the city.