Joints
What are the three major types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
This ability of muscle tissue allows it to stretch beyond its normal resting length without being damaged.
extensibility
What do we need to build muscle?
Exercise, water, rest, food
These long, thread-like structures make up muscle fibers and are responsible for muscle contraction.
myofibrils
This large muscle located on the front of the chest helps move the arm forward and inward.
pectoralis major
Name the examples of Fibrous joints
Sutures, syndesmosis
What are fascicles and what are they surrounded by?
Bundles of muscle fiber; perimysium
Name and describe how 3 organ systems are affected by too much protein intake.
Kidney damage + liver damage
Bone health issues: increased Ca excretion in urine to buffer acid load.
Digestive issues: irregular bowl movements, imbalance in gut bacteria.
Heart disease: increased saturated fat & cholesterol from protein
Increased cancer risk: (colorectal, prostate, stomach, pancreatic, breast)
This basic unit of muscle contraction, found within the myofibrils, is made up of overlapping thick and thin filaments.
sarcomere
This long muscle runs diagonally across the thigh and is involved in hip and knee movement, often called the 'tailor's muscle' due to its role in crossing the legs.
sartorius
Name the six types of synovial joints
pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, ball and socket, ellipsoid
This characteristic differentiates smooth muscle from skeletal and cardiac muscles regarding the control of movement.
involuntary control
Which plants contain ALL amino acids?
All plants
Surrounding each muscle fiber is this connective tissue layer, which provides support and helps transmit force.
endomysium
Where are the the locations of the muscles called biceps? Name their full names. (hint: front and back of the body)
Biceps brachii - (arms anterior)
Biceps femoris - (legs posterior)
This structure is a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction between tissues of the body.
Bursa
This structure is a bundle of muscle fibers enclosed by connective tissue and functions as a single contractile unit.
Fascicle
How many grams of protein do YOU need on a daily basis? Calculate this.
Protein (g) = (Weight in lbs)/2.205 * 0.8
This specialized network within the muscle fiber stores calcium ions, which are released to trigger muscle contraction when the fiber is stimulated.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
This muscle on the front of the lower leg is responsible for dorsiflexion, which allows you to lift the front of your foot off the ground.
tibialis anterior
This autoimmune disorder causes the body to attack its own joints, leading to chronic inflammation.
rheumatoid arthritis
Why would a professional athlete benefit from alternating between high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training in their regimen in terms of muscle function and endurance?
The combination of improving both muscle strength and endurance.
HIIT enhances cardiovascular fitness and muscle endurance by increasing the muscles' ability to function with less oxygen. Resistance training improves muscle strength and hypertrophy by increasing muscle mass and the efficiency of the neuromuscular system. Alternating between these types of training allows the athlete to develop both strength and endurance, optimizing overall performance.
Jamie is trying to build muscle and has decided to double their daily protein intake, thinking it will speed up muscle growth. However, they start experiencing digestive issues and learn they might be overdoing it. Based on what you know about protein, what are some possible health risks Jamie might face, and why might doubling protein not be beneficial?
1) His protein intake would exceed the protein threshold of 1.5 g/kg. His body won't absorb any more as muscle tissue.
2)Doubling protein beyond recommended levels can lead to these issues: kidney and liver strain, digestive issues, increased risk of heart disease, and possible imbalances in gut bacteria.
Jordan is training for a marathon and has noticed that after long runs, their muscles feel fatigued and sometimes even sore the next day. How might the structure of Jordan's muscle fibers be involved in both the fatigue during the run and the soreness afterward?
Accumulation of metabolic waste products and micro-tears in muscle fibers.
During long runs, muscle fibers produce waste products (like lactic acid) that can contribute to fatigue. Additionally, the repetitive strain on the muscle fibers can cause micro-tears, which lead to soreness as they heal and grow stronger.
During a basketball game, Sam jumps to make a shot and then quickly sprints down the court. Describe how at least three different muscles work together to perform these actions, including jumping and running.
The quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius.
When Sam jumps, the quadriceps femoris and gluteus maximus work to extend the legs and propel the body upward, while the gastrocnemius helps to push off the ground by flexing the foot. As Sam sprints, these muscles continue to coordinate in quick contractions to drive the movement forward, with the quadriceps and gluteus maximus providing power and the gastrocnemius helping with each push-off for speed.