Module 4

Vocabulary

100

Homozygous v. Heterozygous

homozygous- 2 of the same alleles

heterozygous- different alleles

200

Nondisjunction and what phase does it occur in? 

When chromosomes fail to move to opposite poles during either meiotic division, anaphase.

300

Polygenic inheritance

• describes a mode of inheritance in which more than one gene affects a trait, such as height in human beings; polygenic inheritance may produce a continuous range of phenotypic values, rather than discrete either–or values.

400

Chiasmata

Site of crossing over

500

Self-fertilization:

• the union of egg and sperm produced by a single hermaphroditic organism.

Chapter 10

100

What is binary fission and what domains undergo it?

• A form of asexual reproduction with clonal results.

200

What is chromatin?

DNA and protein in composing chromosomes.

300

Diploid V. Haploid (how many chromosomes in each?)

Diploid:

• 2 sets of chromosomes
• 46 total chromosomes

Haploid:

• 1 set of chromosomes
• 23 in humans

400

What are solenoids?

• Nucleosomes wrapped into higher order coils.

500

• Explain the eukaryotic cell cycle starting with G1 and ending with Cytokinesis.

Interphase:

• G1 (Gap  phase 1) - Primary growth phase, longest phase
• S (synthesis) - Replication of DNA
• G2 (Gap phase 2) - Organelles replicate, microtubules organize

M (Mitosis):

• division of the nucleus, subdivided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

C (Cytokinesis):

•  division of the cytoplasm, separation of 2 new cells.

Chapter 11

100

Meiosis 1 vs. Meiosis 2

Meiosis 1 is the separation of homologous pairs.

Meiosis 2 is the separation of sister chromatids.

200

What is the role of mitosis?

• Its role is to produce cells for growth and repair.

300

What is the role of meiosis?

• Its role is to produce gametes and to assure genetic diversity in sexual reproduction.

400

What is the law of independent assortment?

• Chromosomes from the same source do not have to end up in the same gamete.

500

Explain "crossing over"

This is the genetic recombination between non-sister chromatids- allows homologues to exchange chromosomal material.

Chapter 12

100

Genotype V. Phenotype

Genotype: total set of alleles an individual contains

Phenotype: Physical appearance

200

• What percentage will be heterozygous dominant if both parents are Tt?

50%

300

What are dihybrid crosses?

They exam two separate traits in a single cross (RRYY x rryy)

400

Explain the three alleles of the I gene (I^A, I^B, and i)

• I^A RBC express sugar galactosamine
• I^B RBD express sugar galactose
• i RBC express no sugar on the surface

500

Explain pedigrees

It is the analysis used to track inheritance patterns in families