Transcription/Translation Part I
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA->RNA->Protein
Eukaryotes use five transcription factors, while prokaryotes use a sigma factor.
What is genotype? What is phenotype?
Genotype: the alleles an organism has
Phenotype: the characteristic an organism exhibits
List the phases of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase with Cytokinesis
What are the basic steps of transcription?
Which direction do RNA and DNA polymerases synthesize in?
5'->3'
During splicing, what parts of the pre-mRNA are removed?
Introns are removed.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Separate genes are inherited separately.
What is the product of mitosis? What is the product of meiosis?
Mitosis: 2 identical diploid daughter cells
Meiosis: 4 unique haploid daughter cells
Why is meiosis useful to cells? Why is mitosis?
Meiosis produces genetically diverse reproductive cells, while mitosis is used for growth and repair.
Where does RNA polymerase bind, and what process does it initiate?
It binds on the promoter region of a gene (DNA) to initiate transcription.
What are the three tRNA sites in a ribosome, and what do they do?
A (aminoacyl) site: where charged tRNA comes in
P (peptidyl) site: where amino acid chain grows
E (exit) site: where uncharged tRNA leaves
Are men or women more likely to exhibit recessive X-linked traits? Why?
Men because they only inherit one X chromosome.
Do plant cells have a cleavage furrow in cytokinesis? Why or why not?
Plant cells do not have a cleavage furrow because they have a rigid cell wall.
What modifications turn a pre-mRNA into a mature mRNA?
-removal of introns
-poly-A tail
-5' G cap
Where is an anticodon found? Where is a codon found?
Anticodon on tRNA, codon on mRNA.
In what order do the other molecules involved in translation bind to the small ribosome subunit?
1) mRNA 2) initiator tRNA 3) large ribosome subunit
What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
Codominance: both alleles are equally and separately expressed (like blood type)
Incomplete dominance: alleles are expressed together (like snapdragon color)
How are homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids different?
Homologous chromosomes: have the same genes, but different alleles; come from different parents
Sister chromatids: identical copies of the same chromosome
What is a trisomy? How does it happen?
A trisomy is a genetic abnormality in which an organism has three of a chromosome instead of two. It results from nondisjunction in meiosis.
A template DNA strand reads:
3'-TTCAGCGCGATAGCGCTAGCT-5'
What is the mRNA sequence and the amino acid sequence?
5'-AAGUCGCGCUAUCGCGAUCGA-3'
Lys-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Arg-Asp-Arg
Draw a basic eukaryotic cell. Where do transcription, translation, and DNA replication take place?
Transcription: nucleus
Translation: cytoplasm or on rough ER
DNA Replication: nucleus
What will be the phenotypic and genotypic ratios in a monohybrid cross between a true breeding recessive and a true breeding dominant organism? What will the phenotypic ratio be in the F2 generation?
Draw both Punnett squares
F1- 1:0 ratio (1:0 heterozygous dominant)
F2- 3:1 ratio (1:2:1 homozygous dominant:heterozygous dominant:homozygous recessive)
How is anaphase I of meiosis different from anaphase of mitosis?
Draw both.
In anaphase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate. In anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate.
Draw a DNA replication fork with leading and lagging strands. Indicate their directionality and which direction they are being replicated.
Both are replicated 5'->3', but the lagging strand will be done in pieces (Okazaki fragments).