Cerebral Cortex
In the human brain, what is the significance of cortical sulci?
Cortical sulci are grooves on the surface of the brain that separate the gyri. They increase the brain's surface area, allowing more neurons to fit within the skull and improving the brain's ability to process information
How do the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex work together?
The motor cortex sends movement commands, while the somatosensory cortex provides sensory feedback to adjust those movements.
Name 3 major divisions of the brainstem.
The 3 major divisions of the brainstem are the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
What are glial cells?
Glial cells are the supporting cells of the nervous system that focus on protecting, and maintaining neurons. They give support, form myelin, they removing waste as well as helping in any repair of tissue.
What does CSF stand for?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
On the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, what is a gyrus? What is a sulcus?
A gyrus is a raised ridge or fold on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, while a sulcus is a shallow groove or depression between the gyri. These folds and grooves increase the brain's surface area, allowing for more brain tissue and improved function.
What does the "primary" in the primary somatosensory cortex mean?
It is the first cortical area that receives and processes sensory information from the body.
Name 3 brainstem motor nuclei that are associated with the control of head and neck.
Three of the brainstem motor nuclei are the trigeminal motor nucleus (CN V), facial motor nucleus (CN VII), and hypoglossal nucleus (CN XII).
Describe the anatomical components of a neuron and their functions.
A neuron includes dendrites that focus in receiving signals, the cell body that focuses in processing information, and the axon that keeps electrical impulses far from the cell body. The myelin sheath is responsible for the increase of impulses conduction, the nodes of Ranvier that is where action is generated and the axon terminals that release neurotransmitters to communicate with the neuron.
When someone is having a hard time speaking and a hard time moving one side of their body they might be?
Having a stroke
Identify the three anatomical planes used to study brain “slices” in the cerebral hemispheres.
The three anatomical planes used to study brain slices are the sagittal plane, which divides the brain into left and right halves; the coronal (frontal) plane, which divides it into front and back sections; and the horizontal (axial or transverse) plane, which divides it into upper and lower sections.
What does the term "afferent" mean?
Afferent means carrying sensory information toward the central nervous system.
What cranial nerve is the responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expressions and where is located?
The facial nerve (CN VII) is the responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expressions, and its located in the pons.
What is the name of a neuron that takes information from your finger and takes it through the spinal cord?
Sensory neuron
The fluid that is in our body that protects our spinal cord and brain is called?
CSF
Name the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and provide one example of a significant function for each lobe.
The four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. The frontal lobe is involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and voluntary movement. The parietal lobe processes sensory information such as touch, pain, and temperature. The temporal lobe is important for hearing, memory, and language comprehension. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information.
What does the term "efferent" mean?
Efferent means to carry motor commands from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
What is the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and which cranial nerve is the responsible for sending sensory fibers to it?
The trigeminal sensory nuclear complex
Cranial Nerves V, VII, IX, and X
What receives signals and takes those signals to the cell body?
Dendrites
Someone who has suffered a stroke?
Will have issues will recieving blood flow to the brain.
What is the boundary between the temporal frontal and parietal lobes?
The boundary between the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes is formed by major brain grooves called sulci. The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, while the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
Compare primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex when it comes to location and function.
The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) where it starts voluntary movement. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe) where processes touch, pain, temperature etc.
What cranial nerve is responsible for tongue movement?
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
When there is a change in the cell membrane and the inside becomes more positive?
Depolarization
The two blood vessels that carry what is needed for the brain to function properly to the brain are called?
Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries