Cortical Structures
The function of frontal lobe
Decision making, problem solving, planning
What are the subcortical structures?
- basal ganglia
- Diencephalon (Thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus)
- amygdala
- Cerebellum
- brainstem
Where does the arterial blood supply originate from?
The heart
what is the cranial nerve that does not arise from the brainstem and where does it arise from?
CN 1 olfactory
- arises from under the frontal lobe
An imaging of the brain that allows scientists to establish the origin, course, and termination of the three major fiber tracts in the brain for speech and language:
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
The function of temporal lobe
memory, language, emotion, hearing
Parts of the Brainstem in order from superior to inferior
- midbrain (most superior)
- pons (medial)
- medulla oblongata (most inferior)
What arteries does the anterior arterial supply come from?
Internal artery
what cranial nerves does the medulla contain?
IX glossopharyngeal (swallowing)
- X vagus (larynx)
- XI accessory (sternocleidomastoid),
- XII hypoglossal (tongue)
Primary motor cortex damage causes
Apraxia
The function of the parietal lobe
Receives, integrates, and processes sensory information and is in charge of phonological processing
What does the diencephalon consist of?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
What arteries does the posterior arterial supply come from?
Basilar artery
The function of cranial nerve X
plays an important role in speaking and swallowing, given its control of muscles that adjust the dimensions of the velopharyngeal port and the pharyngeal lumen, control tongue motion, and alter the tension and configuration of the vocal folds
What blockage in arterial supply may result in aphasia?
Blockage at the turn from the internal carotid artery to the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) deprives the anterior and posterior parts of the left hemisphere of blood and affects both expressive and receptive speech and language functions and lead to global aphasia
The function of the occipital lobe
Vision
Thalamus function
Mediates sensation to the cerebral cortex and relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex
What does the Circle of Willis do?
Supplies blood to the brain and provides redundancy of blood supply in case of occlusion
The function of cranial nerve IX
plays a role in swallowing by shortening the pharyngeal tube
Broca aphasia is
non-fluent aphasia in which there is an ability to understand language, but an inability to produce intelligible words.
What is a critical part of the cortical tissue that is engaged in speech, language, and swallowing functions?
The insular lobe
Function of the Homunculus
provides motor or sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex
What blood supply includes the cortical regions associated with speech, language, and hearing skills.
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Cranial nerve that turns the head and lifts the chin toward the side opposite the contraction
Cranial nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
Wernicke aphasia is characterized by
Impaired language comprehension