Neuronal anatomy
Mediated mainly by leakage channels, is the 'quite' state of the neuron that happens when ions are being pushed/pulled by electrical and concentration forces that impact them.
What is resting membrane potential (RMP)?
Two forces that impact ionic movement include the chemical gradient that moves ions from high to low concentration along with an electrical gradient that moves ions toward opposite charges.
What is the ion's electrochemical gradient?
Leakage channels allow this to slowly move into the cell.
What is Na+?
The resting potential is the state of the membrane at a voltage of -70 mV, so the cation entering the cell will cause it to become less negative.
This allows the presynaptic neuron to communicate with the postsynaptic cell.
What is the synaptic transmission?
Generated by voltage-gated channels, is a brief and extreme electrical change that occurs when certain protein channels are active.
What is a action potential (AP)?
A measure of how easily an ion can cross the membrane.
What is permeability?
Leakage channels allow this to slowly move out of a cell.
What is K+?
As K+ starts to leave the cell, taking a positive charge with it, the membrane potential begins to move back toward its resting voltage.
What is repolarization?
This is a chemical messenger molecules that convey upstream information to downstream target cells.
What is a neurotransmitter?
Produced in part by a certain voltage-gated channel and mainly by ligand-gated channels, is the communicative event that occurs when an upstream neuron sends a chemical signal to a downstream cell that turns it into an electrical event.
What is a synaptic transmission (ST)?
his opens because a signaling molecule, binds to the extracellular region of the channel.
What is a ligand-gated channel?
The charge of the membrane is This when all the potassium ions in the area are inside the neuron, and the number has an equal number of large anionic proteins that cancel out all the positive charges of the potassium ions.
What is zero?
Potassium ions continue to efflux and reach equilibrium when the membrane voltage is below -70 mV (recall potassium's happy number is -90mV), This occurs while the K+ channels are open.
What is hyperpolarization?
Receptors that initiate a series of controlled intracellular reactions.
What is a metabotropic?
Branches that extend from the cell body and are the main input structures of the neuron.
What are dendrites?
This opens because of a physical distortion of the cell membrane.
What is a mechanically gated channel?
This is associated with depolarization and repolarization phases.
What is the absolute refractory period?
These neuromodulators inhibit a response and stimulate a response.
What are antagonists and agonists?
Is the funnel-like region off the cell body that serves of the signal generation site.
What is a axon hillock?
A channel that responds to changes in the electrical properties of the membrane in which it is embedded.
What is a voltage-gated channel?
This active transport protein uses (each cycle) one ATP molecule to pump out three sodium ions and pump in two potassium ions.
What is Na/K ATPase?
This is associated with hyperpolarization phase.
What is the relative refractory period?
Receptors that have a 'built-in' ion channel activated by neurotransmitter.
What is a ionotropic?