Cystic Fibrosis
This diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for identifying Cystic Fibrosis
Sweat Chloride Test aka Sweat Test
In developed countries, this genetic disease is the most common cause of bronchiectasis in children
Cystic Fibrosis
This common asthma symptom is a high pitched whistling sound that you can hear when the patient breaths out.
Wheezing
Patients with chronic bronchitis may experience airflow limitation due to a variable degree of this airway response involving smooth muscles
Bronchospasm (smooth muscle constriction)
The destruction of these structures reduces surface area for gas exchange
Alveolar walls
The gene on chromosome 7 that must contain mutations on both inherited copies in order for a child to develop cystic fibrosis
CFTR gene
Which of the following may be found in the laboratory results of a patient with bronchiectasis? Select all that apply.
1. Decreased hemoglobin levels
2. Elevated white blood cells
3. Decreased white blood cells
4. Increased hemoglobin levels
2. Elevated white blood cells
4. Increased hemoglobin levels
Launched in 1993 in collaboration with the NHLBI and the World Health Organization, this international program aims to increase awareness of asthma, improve management, and reduce asthma morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA)
On chest auscultation, patients with chronic bronchitis commonly demonstrate these two abnormal breath sounds.
Crackles and wheezes
According to GOLD risk factors, which genetic prediposition significantly increases the risk of emphysema?
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)
What are 3 Cardiopulmonary clinical manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Atelectasis, Bronchospasm,
Excessive bronchial secretions
What is the respiratory therapy protocol that includes techniques such as chest physical therapy, deep breathing and coughing, high frequency chest wall oscillation, and Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP)?
Airway clearance therapy
Asthma risk factors are divided into host factors (like genetics and obesity) and these factors, which include allergens, infections, occupational sensitizers, tobacco smoke, and diet.
Environmental Factors
A 70 year old chronic bronchitis patient has an SpO2 of 89% at rest. He denies distress but feels fatigued.
According to COPD management guidelines and principles, what non-pharmacologic therapy should be considered?
Supplemental Oxygen therapy
This drug classification is the FIRST-LINE treatment from a mild exacerbation of emphysema
Short- acting beta2 agonist (SABA)
This is a gram negative (foul smelling) bacteria that is found after a sputum examination with patients who have Cystic Fibrosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
One of the main challenges in caring for a patient with bronchiectasis is?
A. Contending with bronchospasm
B. Removing excessive bronchial secretions
C. Returning the FRC to within normal limits
D. Maximizing gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane
E. Rehydrating dried secretions
B. Removing excessive bronchial secretions
This type of PFT evaluates airway hyperreactivity by having the patient inhale a substance that can cause narrowing of the airways.
Methacholine Challenge Test
In chronic bronchitis , this specific structural change in the airway walls leads to increased resistance and contributes to airflow obstruction, especially during expiration.
Chronic inflammation and thickening of the peripheral airway walls.
These chest radiograph finding is most consistent with emphysema
Translucent,
Depressed or flattened diaphragms,
Long and narrow heart,
Increased retrosternal air space
A gastrointestinal complication, characterized by thick intestinal contents causing obstruction, that is common in CF patients
Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome (DIOS)
A patient presents with persistent cough, worsening shortness of breath and large amounts of foul-smelling sputum. Imaging shows permanently widened airways, tram-track markings, and structural damage most pronounced in the lower lobes. Based on these findings, what structural airway change has occurred?
Chronic dilation of (bronchial) airways
A typical ABG for a severe asthmatic often shows a high pH (around 7.48), low PaCO2 , and normal HCO3 - indicating this acid base imbalance caused by hyperinflation
Respiratory alkalosis
A chronic bronchitis patient has lab results showing elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit levels during both early and late stages of their disease. What condition does this lab pattern indicate?
Polycythemia
A patient with severe emphysema has:
Hyperinflation on CXR
Severely decreased DLCO
Very poor exercise
Accessory muscle use at rest
Which anatomical alteration of Emphysema MOST directly explains the drop in DLCO?
Destruction of the alveolar- capillary membrane and capillary bed