Macromolecules
What are the four main types of macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic acids
4. Lipids
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
The light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
What is the name of the organelle where photosynthesis takes place?
The chloroplast
What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
To convert the chemical energy in glucose into ATP for cells to use.
What is the first stage of cellular respiration, and where does it occur?
Glycolysis; it occurs in the cytoplasm.
Which macromolecule is the body’s main source of quick energy?
Carbohydrates.
Where in the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membranes
What are the flattened sacs inside the chloroplast called, where light-dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoids
Where does cellular respiration mainly take place in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondria
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP (net), and 2 NADH.
Which macromolecule stores long-term energy and makes up cell membranes?
lipids
What two energy-carrying molecules are produced during the light-dependent reactions?
ATP & NADPH
What is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids inside the chloroplast called?
Stroma
What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place, and what gas is released during it?
In the matrix of the mitochondria; carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released.
Which macromolecule controls cell processes and builds body structures like muscles and enzymes?
proteins
Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?
Stroma
What are stacks of thylakoids called?
Grana (singular: granum)
What is the total number of ATP molecules produced during cellular respiration from one glucose molecule?
36 ATP
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain, and where does it occur?
Uses high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to make ATP; occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which macromolecule stores and transmits genetic information?
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle?
To use carbon dioxide to make glucose
What pigment located in the thylakoids is used to capture light energy from the sun?
chlorophyll
What happens when there isn’t enough oxygen available for cellular respiration?
Cells switch to fermentation
If no oxygen is available after glycolysis, what process occurs instead of the Krebs Cycle and ETC?
Fermentation (either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation).