Genetics & Inheritance
This type of mutation affects only one base in the DNA sequence.
A point mutation
Smoking increases the risk of this major cardiovascular condition.
Cardiovascular disease / heart disease.
Dialysis is used to replace the function of which organs.
The kidneys.
Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek and Slide is a campaign to reduce which disease?
Skin cancer
Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes and effects of what?
The study of disease distribution, causes, and effects in populations.
Name the genetic disorder caused by a defect in the CFTransductance Regulator genes.
Cystic Fibrosis
Name one type of cancer strongly linked to UV radiation exposure.
Skin cancer-Melanoma
A pacemaker is used to regulate what?
The heart’s rhythm.
Name one screening program available in Australia to detect cancer early.
BreastScreen (mammograms), bowel cancer kits, cervical screening (Pap smear/HPV test).
Name one type of study design used in epidemiology
Cohort study, case-control study, or cross-sectional study.
Cohort studies follow groups forward in time to assess disease causes and prognosis; while case-control studies look backward from disease outcomes to identify past exposures. Cross-sectional studies capture both exposure and outcome at a single point in time to determine disease prevalence. Used when you can't conduct randomised due to unethical.
Huntington’s disease is inherited in this type of inheritance pattern.
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Obesity increases the risk of this type of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes.
Explain the difference between curative and palliative treatments.
Curative = eliminates disease; palliative = reduces symptoms and improves quality of life.
Define "primary prevention" with an example.
Preventing disease before it occurs (e.g., healthy eating to prevent obesity).
What does “morbidity rate” measure?
Rate of disease in a population (illness cases).
Give one method used to screen embryos for genetic abnormalities before implantation.
Preimplanatation Genetic Diagnosis
Explain how asbestos exposure can cause lung disease.
Asbestos fibres lodge in the lungs, causing inflammation, scarring, and mesothelioma.
Describe how stem cells could be used to treat non-infectious diseases.
Stem cells can replace or regenerate damaged tissues/organs.
Explain how herd immunity differs from prevention of non-infectious diseases.
Herd immunity applies to infectious diseases, while non-infectious diseases require individual behaviour/lifestyle changes.
Explain why epidemiological studies are important for understanding non-infectious diseases.
They identify risk factors, patterns, and effectiveness of interventions.
Explain how gene therapy could be used to treat a genetic disease.
By replacing a faulty gene with a normal copy (e.g., using viral vectors).
Describe the interaction between genetics and environment in developing Type 2 diabetes.
Genetics predispose individuals, but diet, exercise, and lifestyle choices influence whether the disease develops.
Evaluate the effectiveness of organ transplants as a long-term treatment for organ failure.
Effective but limited by donor shortages, immune rejection, high cost, and long-term medication needs.
How do governments determine the effectiveness of a prevention program?
Governments weigh program cost vs. long-term savings and health outcomes.
Give an example of a successful public health intervention informed by epidemiology.
Examples: Slip Slop Slap Seek and Slide campaign (skin cancer), seatbelt laws (injury prevention).