Chemistry & Macromolecules
These bonds form when atoms share pairs of valence electrons.
covalent bonds
This theory states that all cells arise from preexisting cells.
cell theory
These covalent bonds link amino acids together.
peptide bonds
Phospholipids have one hydrophilic part and one hydrophobic part, giving them this property
amphipathic
This is the process of adding an organic phosphate to a different molecule
phosphorylation
These molecules have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, allowing them to form bilayers.
phospholipids
These cells have no nucleus and contain a single circular chromosome.
prokaryotic cells
Protein unfolding due to pH, temperature, salt, or solvents is known as this
These molecules regulate membrane fluidity and act like antifreeze in cold temperatures.
Cholesterol
____ is an endergonic process turning CO2 and H2O into glucose sugars with energy from the sun, while cellular respiration is an exergonic process turning glucose sugars into ATP.
photosynthesis
A sugar with a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O is classified as this type of macromolecule.
carbohydrate
This double-membrane organelle houses DNA replication and transcription.
nucleus
This molecule acts as the messenger carrying genetic information from nucleus to ribosomes.
mRNA
This transport type uses a membrane protein to pump a solute against its concentration gradient and always needs ATP
active transport
This is the term for losing electrons.
Oxidation
The nitrogenous bases are held together in DNA by this type of weak but essential bond.
hydrogen bond
These structures are found only in plant cells
cell wall, chloroplast, and central vacuole
This molecule contains the most potential energy in its phosphate groups.
ATP
True or false? Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport type that uses a protein but does not require energy.
True
In this stage of cellular respiration, glucose is split into two different pyruvate molecules and has an energy investment and energy payoff phase.
glycolysis
A fat with no double bonds and tightly packed chains is classified as this.
saturated fat (lipid)
Lysosomes perform these two processes: one digests foreign material, the other recycles old organelles.
phagocytosis and autophagy
A nucleotide consists of what three components?
phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
Which of these things is rate of diffusion not controlled by?
1. concentration gradient
2. pH
3. temperature
4. molecule size/diameter
2. pH
This is the term for the removal of electrons and transfer of phosphates to generate massive amounts of ATP, being the last step of cellular respiration.
oxidative phosphorylation