Chem + Physics
Are Ionic Bonds a strong or weak chemical bond? Why?
Ionic Bonds are weak chemical bonds because it is reactive, and they give/receive cells.
Which element is the "lego" brick of Chemistry?
Carbon
What is blocked from entering a membrane?
Large molecules and molecules with a charge (ions)
What is Sucrase?
Enzymes that digests sucrose. Speeds up spontaneous hydrolysis (AKA a catalyst)
What are the types of transport?
Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport.
What is Van der Waal's Forces?
A very weak interaction between two atoms -- Transient forces.
How are dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions different?
Dehydration releases water as a byproduct and Hydrolysis has water inserted to break a bond.
What shapes do the Micelle and Bilayer of Phospholipids make?
Micelle makes a circle/cylindrical shape and Bilayer is stacked with the tails in the middle.
Enzymes charges interact with substrate charges.
Which types of transport require a gradient?
Passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
What limits a chemical reaction?
Physical conditions (temp etc), chemical concentration (reactions vs products), chemical properties (stability), and location (close or far).
What is the polymer form for each of these:
Monosaccharide, Fatty acids, nucleotides, amino acids.
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What are Alpha Helices and Beta Barrels?
Alpha helices: hydrophobic/nonpolar, stabalize by embedding in the membrane
Beta barrels: repeats of barrel sheets (large "pore" for molecule movement)
How do cells regulate enzymes?
1. Competitive inhibition
2. Allosteric regulation
3. Covalent modification
4. Enzyme expression abundance
5. Compartmentalization
6. Cofactors
Hypertonic is when the cell does what and why?
When the cell shrinks because the water is leaving the cell to dilute the solute outside of it.
What are reverse directions and forward directions?
Reverse direction makes reactants, so it had a big (favorable) arrow going towards the reactants. Forward direction makes products, so the big (favorable) arrow is going towards products.
What are alpha linked polysaccharides and beta linked polysaccharides?
Alpha linked is easy to break -- Starch and Glycogen
Beta linked are strong so they are hard to break --Cellulose, Chitin and Peptidoglycan
What is Cholesterol good for?
Increasing OR decreasing molecular space
Cells can make more or less proteins
-More enzymes = faster reaction rate
-less enzymes = slower reaction rate
What is the difference between synport and antiport?
Synport: solutes cross the same direction
Antiport: solutes cross opposite directions
What is the scale for pH? (Alkaline-Basic, Neutral, Acidic)
pH > 7 is Basic/Alkaline, pH = 7 is neutral, pH < 7 is acidic.
What are the polypeptide structures?
Primary: Sequence of amino acids (chain)
Secondary: folding of a protein (Spiral)
Tertiary: 3-D structure, hydrophobic interactions (Messy lines)
Quaternary: multiple polypeptides forming a "super" structure (mix of swirls, lines, chains, etc.)
How do you fix each problem?
Thermal damage, Osmotic pressure, chemical damage
Thermal: adjust fatty acid fluidity
Osmotic pressure: Cell walls (As written in notes)
Chemical Damage: Adjust lipid concentration to change the barrier
What is enzyme denaturing?
Improper shape/folding of enzymes which leads to loss of function. (temp, pH, H+ ions are examples of what cause it)
In Bulk Transport, what happens to the particles?
The particles enter the cell but don't cross through the membrane.