DNA Structure
What connects the two base pairs?
Hydrogen Bonds
What is the 5' to 3' stand in DNA called?
leading strand
What is a codon?
A three nucleotide sequence on mRNA
What are the coding regions in transcription called?
exons
What is the process of making a new strand of DNA?
DNA replication or DNA synthesis
Explain what antiparallel means.
Antiparallel means that the backbone chains run in opposite directions. One goes 3' to 5' and the other goes 5' to 3'.
What is the antisense strand in DNA called?
lagging strand
Fill in the blank
mRNA, rRNA, and _____ are the three types of RNA
tRNA
During transcription what non-coding regions interrupt coding regions?
introns
What determines the amino acid that the tRNA brings to the mRNA? (protein synthesis)
The anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA
What are the components of the Backbone?
phosphate and deoxyribose (sugar)
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
To make a new strand of DNA
What is it when mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm so that they can be translated by ribosomes?
Translation
What happens during a silent mutation?
DNA codes for the same amino acid
What is the universal code used for? (protein synthesis)
It is used for identifying the amino acid based on the codon.
What are the names of the 4 nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
What enzymes are used in the process of DNA replication?
helicase, polymerase, and ligase
What are the differences between RNA and DNA when it comes to number of strands, sugar, nitrogenous bases, and location?
DNA has 1 strand, RNA has 2; the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, in RNA its ribose; DNA's nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine - RNA's are the same except uracil instead of thymine; DNA is found in the cell nucleus and RNA is found in the cytoplasm
What is the type of mutation that upsets triplet nucleotide groupings?
Frame-Shift Mutation
What is semi-conservative replication?
When 2 DNA molecules are produced and each contain one old and one new strand of DNA
What group do the nitrogenous bases Adenine and Guanine fall under? What group do the nitrogenous bases Thymine and Cytosine fall under?
1. The Purine group 2. The Pyrimidine group
What is the function of the enzyme ligase?
To bound the smaller pieces of Okazaki Fragments on the lagging strand together
What is the importance of protein synthesis?
It is important because its how DNA is able to be read and understood so that proteins can be made. DNA has the blueprints to make all the proteins but it is found in the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm. As a result, RNA is needed to get the information from the DNA to the ribosomes, and this occurs through protein synthesis.
Describe what a point mutation is.
a single nucleotide error
What is transcription? (protein synthesis)
It is when RNA polymerase unwinds and separates the 2 strands of DNA and adds the correct nucleotide to the chain as it moves down in the nucleus.