Molec. Proc
This model describes the flow of genetic information (DNA>RNA>Proteins).
What is the Central Dogma?
A protein that binds to DNA and can promote or inhibit transcription
What is a transcription factor
What is the directionality of DNA replication?
What is 5' to 3'?
This technique requires primers to amplify DNA and includes the steps of denaturation, annealing, and elongation.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
What are the nucleotides used in RNA?
During DNA replication, the lagging strand forms these short, synthesized DNA segments.
What is Okazaki fragments?
When a different protein isoform is formed in the brain because it skipped an exon compared to a protein from the same gene in the liver, this is an example of what?
What is alternative splicing
What are the three components of DNA's structure?
What is a phosphate group, sugar, and base? (NOTE: Sugar + Phosphate = Backbone)
What is a viral enzyme that ctalyzes the production of DNA using RNA as a template?
What is reverse transcriptase?
Three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify which amino acid should be utilized
What is a codon? (Ex: stop codons = UAA, UAG, and UGA)
During elongation in protein synthesis (translation), this specific site of the ribosome holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
What is the Peptidyl (P) Site?
Chromatin that is tightly bound and not transcriptionally active is called heterochromatin. Looser chromatin that is transcriptionally active is called what?
What is euchromatin
Who discovered the rule in DNA that the amount of adenine (A) should be equal or similar to thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal or similar to guanine (G)?
Who is Erwin Chargarff?
This technique depends on the base pair complementary to determine the size of an RNA molecule?
What is northern blotting?
S D (DNA)
N R (RNA)
O O
W P (Proteins)
When the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases disrupts the coding sequence in DNA this causes what kind of mutation?
What is a frameshift mutation?
This double-strand DNA break repair mechanism is the primary, error-prone, quick pathway that does not require a homologous template. This often causes small insertions or deletions.
What is Non-homologous End Joining (NHEJ)?
Activators are transcription factors that bind to enhancers to promote transcription. To inhibit transcription, repressors bind to what?
What is a silencer
What is the natural form of a viral genomes (DNA and RNA)?
What is dsDNA and ssRNA? (Note: ssDNA and dsRNA do exsist but are not as common)
In what direction does DNA move on a gel electrophoresis?
What is toward the positive cathode? (Note: DNA is negatively charged)
What law states that alleles of different genes separate during meiosis, meaning the inheritance of one trait does not affect another?
This key checkpoint during the cell cycle determines if DNA is ready to go into S-phase (replication).
What is the G1 checkpoint?
In the absence of lactose, the proteins from the genes in the lac operon are not required and making them would waste the cell's energy. To regulate the transcription of the lac operon, what binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase?
What is a repressor
Approximately how many protein-coding genes are there is the entire human genome?
What is 25,000 protein coding genes?
What is the main gene-editing technique that scientist use to directly manipulate DNA by cutting, adding, deleting, or modifying in humans?
What is CRISPR-Cas9?
Where else can DNA be found besides the nucleus?