Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
RANDOM
100
Name the 5 parts of Cell Theory
All cells come from other cells, cells are the basic unit of life, all cells are the same composition, cells contain hereditary information, and cells have metabolism?
100
What are the 3 parts of a nucleosome?
Linker DNA, histones, 147 bp of DNA
100
Define polycistronic. Which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) is polycistronic? Which is monocistronic?
Multiple proteins from a single RNA. Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes.
100
What is genomic equivalency?
A complete copy of the genome is in every single cell in our bodies.
100
What is the promoter of a eukaryote? What is in the promoter of a prokaryote?
Eukaryote: BRE at -35, TATA at -30, INR at transcription start point, and +30 DPE Prokaryote: -35 and -10 elements, with about 15-19 base pairs in between, transcription start site at +1.
200
What's a test cross used for? What do you cross with a test organism?
A test cross is used to determine the genotype in an individual that is possibly heterozygote or dominant homozygous. A true-breeding recessive individual is crossed with a test organism.
200
What is a DNTP? What is its function???
It is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate; it is the building block of DNA in DNA synthesis.
200
Why is splicing beneficial? What are some drawbacks to it?
Splicing is beneficial because it allows you to have a smaller genome, but you are able to make multiple isoforms to it, so your genome doesn’t have to be huge. The drawbacks are that the more that you have to splice, the more potential for error that you have.
200
Why might a cell want to turn a gene on/off at different times?
Example: prokaryotes. They like glucose, but they have genes to metabolize lactose. If there is no glucose around, but there is lactose, they might want to turn the lactose genes on so they can have a food source.
200
What direction does DNA polymerase proofread? How does it correct wrong base pairs?
3'-5'. An exonuclease attached to the polymerase chews it back and then the polymerase goes on its merry way.
300
Define the Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment and one violation of each
Segregation: two alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation and are transmitted independently to the next generation. Independent Assortment: each pair of alleles assorts independently from other pairs of alleles during meiosis; alleles controlling one trait do not affect the transmission of alleles for another trait. Segregation violation=down syndrome, Independent Assortment violation=linkage.
300
Name the order of replication proteins at the replication fork.
Helicase, SSB, Primase, Clamp/clamp loader, polymerase, RNAse H, polymerase, ligase.
300
Describe transcription initiation in prokaryotes. Describe it in eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes Sigma directs RNAP to a promoter. Forms RNAP holoenzyme. Forms CLOSED BUBBLE. Complex becomes open bubble after structural changes happen to the polymerase, tightens its grip on the DNA, once it opens up, IT NEVER GOES BACK, goes into elongation. Abortive initiation, moves into elongation. Eukaryotes GTFs instead of just the sigma, multiple RNAP types TFIID binds to TATA box through TBP and bends the DNA. TFIIB recognizes BRE and interacts with TFIID RNAP II and TFIIF recruited TFIIE and H also recruited. This is the transcription initiation complex, similar to the closed complex of prokaryotes , as in transcription is still closed TFIIH has kinase and helicase activity, TFIIH opens up the helix, ATP requires Abortive initiation Promoter escape when TFIIH phosphorylates the tail Also need activators and mediators to help start transcription
300
What is basal transcription?
It is the level of transcription that is found in the absence of any regulators.
300
Are penguins in the North or the South Pole?
Nope. It's included in Europe.
400
A freakishly short 4 foot person is crossed with an equally freakishly tall 10 foot person, and the result is Lebron James, who is 6.5 feet tall. What type of dominance is this?
The genetic dominance is incomplete, as a mix between the two parents is displayed. The basketball court dominance displayed is also incomplete, as Lebron James was unable to defeat Golden State in the Finals.
400
Name three things in every replication origin.
Initiator binding site, easily meltable region, 1st nucleotide replicated.
400
Describe termination in prokaryotes and termination eukaryotes
Termination in prokaryotes Reaches terminator, a DNA sequence. Terminator triggers the elongating RNAP to dissociate from the DNA and release the RNA chain. Terminator sequence is only ACTIVE once transcribed into RNA Intrinsic-rho-independent, hairpins Rho-dependent-requires Rho protein Eukaryotes Polyadenylation; just like prokaryotes, the signal is encoded in the genome, but becomes active once transcribed. (polyA signal=AAUAAA) enzymes are recruited to CTD tail and transferred to RNA; RNA cleaved Once cleaved, Pap adds A’s to the 3’ end (there is no template required, i.e., there does not need to be a complementary strand of TTTT across from the strand for Pap to work). There will be approximately 200 A’s at the mature end of an mRNA molecule. After the RNA strand is cleaved from the growing RNA strand from the RNAP, the polymerase keeps going. The new 5’ end is UNCAPPED, and it is targeted by exonuclease. This “chewing” causes structural changes to the polymerase.
400
What is an operon? Are there operons in Eukaryotes?
A functioning unit of nucleotide sequences that contains multiple structural genes under the control of a single promoter. No; they are only in prokaryotes, because eukaryotes are monocistronic and prokaryotes are polycistronic?
400
What happens to the H3-H4 tetramers and the H2a-H2b dimers as DNA is replicated? What do the tetramers carry?
Tetramers stay loosely associated to the strand and either go with the parent or the daughter strand (randomly), dimers fall off completely. Tetramers carry memory of modifications.
500
B codes for blue coloring and is dominant, and b codes for red coloring and is recessive. P codes for poky skin and is dominant, p codes for smooth skin and is recessive. In a cross of BbPpxbbpp, what are the expected results? There are 300 BbPp, 100 Bbpp, 200 bbPp, and 300 bbpp. Are the genes for coloring and skin texture linked or nah? How can you tell?
BbPp and bbpp are parental types. Anything not a parental type is a non-parental type, Bbpp and bbPp. To tell if the gene is linked or not, you have t get the recombination frequency by adding the non-parentals together and divide them by the total, which in this case is (100+200)/900=33%. Since the frequency is lower than 50%, we conclude that these genes are linked.
500
How is replication controlled in bacteria?
Replication won't begin until sufficient nutrients are available; there is a refractory period because replication won't start again until the DNA is methylated on both strands, and the Dam methylase is slow to methylate.
500
Transcribe the strand of DNA into RNA on le board. Translate it into Protein
AUGUAUGAGUCAGUAAUC N’-Met-Ser-Gln-C’
500
Draw the friggin lac operon
Do it.
500
A true-breeding white-eyed female fly is crossed with a red-eyed male. What is their progenies' phenotypes?
1:1 red-eyed females to white-eyed males.
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