Transcription
Define transcription and the nucleotides used.
mRNA is made from DNA strands. Nucleotides used for DNA are A T C G, nucleotides used for mRNA are A U C G.
Define translation.
mRNA is converted into amino acids.
What RNA is transcribed from DNA to carry the genetic information for protein synthesis?
mRNA.
Antibodies are proteins that bind to and attack pathogens and other foreign microbes. What kind of cell would you expect to find these proteins in?
White blood cells.
What protein structure is present immediately after translation?
Primary Structure
Where does transcription happen?
The nucleus.
Where does translation happen?
The ribosomes.
What RNA makes up ribosomes?
rRNA.
Insulin is a hormonal protein which is responsible for regulating blood sugar. In the cells of which organ would you expect to find this protein?
Pancreas Cells
What kind of mutation causes all amino acids downstream from the mutation to be changed?
Frameshift mutation.
What gene regulation can be done at this stage? How?
Transcriptional gene regulation. Things bind to the promoter region to stop transcription from happening.
When a protein begins translation, what will be the first amino acid in its sequence?
Met (Methionine)
What RNA is responsible for acting as anticodons that carry amino acids?
tRNA.
Myosin is a contractile protein that helps generate movement/force by using energy. What kind of cell would you expect to find this protein in?
Muscle cells.
What type of mutation adds additional nucleotides to a DNA or RNA sequence?
Insertion.
What gene regulation can be done after transcription, but before translation? What does this do.
Post transcriptional. It stops RNA processing so the extra things are not removed and mRNA cannot be translated.
What gene regulation can happen at translation? What happens?
Translational gene regulation. Things are added to the protein to prevent proper translation.
What RNA forms peptide bonds between amino acids.
rRNA.
Hemoglobin is a type of transport protein which is able to bind to and transport oxygen. What kind of cell would you expect to find this protein in?
Red blood cells.
Red blood cells use a protein called hemoglobin. This protein is made up of 4 subunits. What structure does this protein have?
Red blood cells use a protein called hemoglobin. This protein is made up of 4 subunits. What structure does this protein have?
What is the name of the enzyme used for transcription?
RNA Polymerase
What gene regulation stage can happen right after translation? What happens?
Post Translational. Things are added to the translated protein to cause it not work properly/break down.
What RNA is produced in the nucleus?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
Pepsin is an enzymatic protein that helps to break down proteins that have been consumed. In the which organs cells would you expect to find this protein?
Stomach cells.
What are the three types of point/substitution mutations?
Silent, nonsense, missense.