DNA: A History
Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction photo of DNA allowed Watson and Crick to deduce ______.
What is the double-helical structure of DNA
The two strands in DNA are held together by _____ between nitrogenous bases.
What are hydrogen bonds
The central dogma is a term coined by Francis Crick to explain the flow of information within cells which can be simplified to _____.
What is DNA —> RNA —> Protein
What kind of DNA does an extraction protocol give access to?
What is nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
The complementary DNA sequence for the following strand: ATCTGAAC
What is TAGACTTG
In the Hershey & Chase “blender” experiment an isotope of sulfur was used to tag ______ and an isotope of phosphorus was used to tag ______.
What are proteins and DNA
Like lanes of a divided highway, DNA strands are oriented in opposite directions. This can be described as _____.
What is antiparallelism
The synthesis of RNA using information in DNA.
What is transcription
The lysis step of an extraction protocol is meant to break up _____.
What are phospholipid membranes
A model that predicts during the replication of the double helix, each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand (from the parental molecule) and one newly synthesized strand.
What is the semiconservative model
A class of macromolecules with great heterogeneity and specificity of function, essential requirements for the hereditary material and the leading candidate for genetic material until the 1940s.
What are proteins
Strong covalent bonds that link the units of each strand between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the OH group attached to the 3’ carbon of the adjacent nucleotide.
What are phosphodiester bonds
During _____, a cell must synthesize the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide using the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule.
What is translation
The _____ step in an extraction process deactivates nucleases to prevent damage towards the desired DNA.
What is Matrix
_____ joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand.
What is DNA ligase
These two findings became known as Chargaff’s rules: (1) the base composition of DNA varies between species, and (2) for each species, _______ .
What are the percentages of A and T bases being roughly equal and the percentages of G and C bases being roughly equal.
The backbone of DNA is composed of the phosphate group of one nucleotide being attached to the sugar of the next nucleotide in an alternating sequence. The polynucleotide strand has directionality from the 5’ end with _____ to the 3’ end with ______.
What is the phosphate group to the OH group of the sugar
There are three major types of RNA: ____ carries DNA sequence information to the ribosome, ____ carries specific amino acids to the ribosome and ____ is the major structural building block of ribosomes.
What is mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
Changes the pH of the solution to form a precipitate of proteins and other components, leaving behind soluble DNA in the supernatant.
What is neutralization
______ are enzymes that unwind the double helix, making the two strands available as template strands. ______ then bind to unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from repairing. ______ helps to rejoin the DNA strands.
What are helicases, single-strand binding proteins and topoisomerase.
Discovered by Frederick Griffith while studying Streptococcus pneumoniae, a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
What is transformation
Franklin’s X-ray data indicated that the helix makes one full turn every ____. With bases stacked ____ apart, there are ____ layers of base pairs in each full turn of the helix.
What is 3.4 nm, 0.34 nm and ten
Eukaryotic mRNAs undergo RNA processing, which includes RNA splicing (typically carried out by ______) where _____ are removed and _____ are joined.
What are spliceosomes, introns and exons
The _____ is a non-coding region of mitochondrial DNA that is more susceptible to mutations making it important in phylogenetic studies.
What is the D-loop
During DNA replication, the _____ strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the _____ strand is synthesized discontinuously as a series of segments called ______.
What is leading, lagging and Okazaki fragments