Pastoral Societies
What is the primary economic activity of pastoral societies?
Herding livestock
After the Black Death, what did the demographic shift do to the labor force?
The decline in population led to labor shortages
What unifying factor contributed to the success (and thus expansion) of the Mongol Empire?
Tribal values and loyalty
What religion did the Mongols most frequently adopt from the cultures they conquered?
Islam
What was a key effect of the Mongol Empire on trade across Eurasia?
Increase in international trade and commerce
What is the most common characteristic of pastoral societies?
Their mobility across vast territories (nomadic!)
Which social class benefited most from the labor shortages caused by the Black Death?
The peasants and laborers
What strategy did Chinggis Khan use to strengthen his power as he conquered others?
Incorporating defeated tribes into his army
How did Mongol rule facilitate the exchange of ideas between East and West?
By securing trade routes like the Silk Road (and promoting and moving experts in their gov't!)
In what way did the Mongols promote trade during their rule?
By establishing a safe environment for merchants
What are the two most common ways pastoral societies interact(ed) with agricultural societies?
Through trade and conflict over land
What was one long-term economic impact of the Black Death on Europe?
An increase in wages for workers
How did the Mongols govern the diverse peoples they conquered?
Through a policy of religious tolerance
What system of governance did the Mongols borrow from the Chinese to manage their vast empire?
The bureaucracy (so like Chinese and Muslim officials had advisory positions in their gov'ts!)
Which body of water was an extension of the spread of goods and ideas during the Mongol era?
The Mediterranean Sea
What adaptation allowed pastoral societies to thrive in arid environments?
Seasonal migration (along with the nomadic lifestyle)
How did the Black Death influence the social mobility of women in Europe?
By creating new job opportunities for women in various sectors
What was a major reason for the success of the Mongol Empire's rapid expansion in the 13th century?
Their superior military tactics and mobility (but also internal divisions in areas they were conquering!)
Name at least two major "technological" advancements spread from the East to the West during the Mongol Empire?
Possible answers (Need to identify 2): Gunpowder, printing, papermaking, silk production, and the compass
What specifically facilitated increased trade and cultural exchanges between Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa during Mongolian rule?
Maritime trade routes in the Indian Ocean
What environmental challenges did pastoral societies face that influenced their migratory patterns?
Droughts and changing climates
How did the Black Death contribute to the decline of feudalism in Europe?
By significantly reducing the labor force, leading to increased demands for workers and greater social mobility
What was the significance of the Golden Horde in the context of Mongol rule?
It served as a major power in Russia and facilitated trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia
How did the Mongols facilitate the exchange of medical knowledge between cultures?
By encouraging the movement of scholars and physicians across trade routes
What impact did the Mongol postal system, known as the Yam, have in facilitating trade across Eurasia?
It allowed for rapid communication and efficient transportation of goods (enhancing commercial activities)