Anthropology
Define and give an example of BOTH oral history and creation stories.
Oral history - stories passed down over time
Creation story - Stories about how the earth was formed.
What is "sinew"
Animal tendon
List 4 ancient mammals that are now extinct that roamed around Montana.
Describe why an atlatl is more effective than a spear.
Because it can be thrown a further distance and has more power behind the throw.
What was the Old North Trail?
An ancient trade route traversing the continental divide from the Arctic to Mexico.
What is carbon dating? What is it used for?
A process to determine the age of an artifact.
What is an awl?
It is a sewing tool to help punch holes.
Give 3 examples of artifacts that have been found in Montana.
bowls, arrowheads, spear shafts, clothing, baskets
What is it called when people work with stone to create projectile points (arrowheads)
Flint - knapping
Describe a buffalo jump.
Driving buffalo herds off of a cliff in order to harvest the animals.
What was found to show that people may have been in North America much earlier than previously thought?
Fossilized footprints in White Sands, New Mexico dated to 23,000 years ago.
What is the difference between a pictograph and a petroglyph?
Pictograph is drawing on a rock and a petroglyph is carving on a rock.
Explain why projectile points got smaller over time.
The game people were hunting got smaller and weaponry became more effective with smaller projectile points.
Where were over 100 pictographs found in Montana?
Pictograph Cave in Billings
Point out on a map where the Beartooth Mountains are.
Come up and point it out on the map at the front of the room.
Describe evidence that suggests people moved into North America from somewhere other than Asia (land bridge theory)
Projectile points being found in France that match Clovis points. 50,000 year old charcoal in South Carolina.
What is a travois? How did native people use this device? AND which animals helped them?
A transportation device. They transported their large shelters. Dogs and then horses.
Why did large animals go extinct around 8,000 years ago?
A period of climate change that lead to a drought. Not enough food to sustain these large animals
What evidence do you think is out there to prove the existence of The Old North Trail? (4 things)
Cairns, Tipi Rings, oral histories, arrowheads, evidence of cooking, tools
What is an anomaly? What example does the book give about this?
Describe what the discoveries in the Beartooth Ice Sheets tell us?
What is the difference between a cairn, a medicine wheel and a tipi ring?
Cairn - used as a marker on a trail, medicine wheel - rocks formed in a circle to orient to the stars, tipi ring - rocks in a circle showing the remnants of an encampment.
What are 3 ways in which people adapted to the changing environment of the Middle Period?
Hunting technology, living near the rivers, hunting smaller game, depending on plant life more.
Name 4 things that the bison was used for.
clothing, food, tools, fly swatter, buckets, water canteens
Tell me a geographic place in Montana - either mountain range or river, AND the Native American Name
Yellowstone River - Elk River
Tongue River
Bears Paw
Marias - Bear River