Depression
What are the criteria for MDD(Major Depressive Disorder)?
At least one Major Depressive Episode! Also making sure it’s is not anything else such as substances, medical condition or other disorders.
Diagnostic dilemma: what makes bipolar disorders so difficult to diagnose?
They are often confused with personality disorders, depression, and anger problems.
Suicide rates are higher among this _____ age-group.
older adults
Why do you think that women have more cases of depressive disorders?
1) Traditional gender roles: learned helplessness
2) greater value on intimate relationships than men
3)Women are at a disadvantage in society: They experience more discrimination, poverty, sexual harassment, and abuse than do men
Which of the following are NOT one of the four basic types of antidepressant medications?
- SSRI’s
- Mixed reuptake inhibitors
- Benzodiazepines
- MAO inhibitors
Benzodiazepines
What could the following criteria be for?:
Must experience 5 symptoms for period of 2 weeks, one of the symptoms being either Depressive Mood or/and Anhedonia.
Major Depressive Episode
Are suicide attempt rates greater for bipolar or major depressive disorder? Why do you think this would be so?
Bipolar disorder (18.8%) vs major depressive disorder (4.8%) suicide attempts. There are higher rates of suicide during a major depressive episode for individuals with bipolar disorder as compared to individuals with MDD.
Although bipolar disorder is evenly divided between men and women, almost ____ of the individuals with major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) are women and this gender imbalance is constant around the world. True or false?
70%, true
BPS Model: what biological factor influences the likelihood of developing bipolar mood disorders?
monozygotic twins have 40 to 70% concordance rates for bipolar disorder.
genetic influence: 20% for men and 40% for women.
Increases your risk by 2-3X if a close relative has a mood disorder.
What distinguishes Lithium from other antidepressants?
It can prevent and treat manic episodes
What are the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder? What disqualifies someone for PDD?
Depressed mood all day for most days and a period of at least 2 years.
Disqualified if PDD have disappeared for more than 2 months within the 2 year period. No manic or hypo manic episode.
What is the difference between a hypomanic episode and a manic episode?
Shorter–less severe, last at least four days, milder symptoms and not severe enough to cause marked impairment, associated with less impairment than a manic episode and doesn’t require hospitalization, may not be problematic in and of itself but usually occurs in the context of a more problematic mood disorder.
This mood disorder is the only mood disorder specific to a developmental stage and can only be diagnosed up to 12 years of age.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
True or False: One hypothesis based on the Biological factors of the BPS Model states that low serotonin enables other neurotransmitters to be uptaken which increases a person’s vulnerability to depression.
True
What is the necessary criteria in order for a patient to undergo electroconvulsive therapy?
Must be medication-resistant
Gwen has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes. In the intervals between the episodes, she does not seem to return to "normal." In fact, during those periods, she has been diagnosed as suffering from persistent depressive disorder. Gwen's condition is referred to as _______________.
Double depression
What are the three different types of bipolar disorders? Which is the most intense in terms of distress and what distinguishes between the three?
Bipolar I - manic, bipolar II - hypomanic, cyclothymic. Bipolar I is more intense and consists of more manic than bipolar II and cyclothymia consists of only dysthymia and hypomania rather than major depression and manic.
_______ are a hallmark of most mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. Frequently experienced ________ by _____ is a risk factor for both the onset and persistence of depression. Sleep disturbances are even more severe among depressed ________.
Sleep disturbances, insomnia, older adults, older adults
Often overlooked is Seligman’s point that anxiety is the first response to a stressful situation and depression may follow. The depressive attributional style that may follow marked hopelessness about coping with difficult life events is: (1) ____, in that the individual attributes negative events to personal failings (“it is all my fault”); (2) ____, in that, even after a particular negative event passes, the attribution that “additional bad things will always be my fault” remains; and (3) _____, in that the attributions extend across a variety of issues. As such, most studies support the finding that negative cognitive styles ____ and are a ____ factor for depression.
internal, stable, global, precede, risk
True or False: Patients who received treatment of antidepressants versus cognitive-behavioral therapy, experience a high recurrence in depression.
False
For all depressive and bipolar disorders, the presence of this _____ specifier indicates a more severe condition, makes suicidal thoughts and completed suicide more likely, and predicts a poorer outcome from treatment.
anxiety, anxious-distress
Clinicians now must specify the presence and severity of anxiety when diagnosing a mood disorder because of the implications for severity and course of the mood disorder, as well as treatment.
In most cases, rapid cycling tends to _____ in frequency over time and can reach ____ states in which patients cycle between mania and depression without any break. When this direct transition from one mood state to another happens, it is referred to as rapid _____ and is a particularly _____ form of the disorder.
increase, severe, switching, treatment-resistant
What is the average age of onset for each of the three types of bipolar disorders: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia?
Bipolar I: 15-18 years old
Bipolar II: 19-22 years old
Cyclothymia: 12-14 years old
According to Beck’s negative cognitive styles theory, two representative examples of “cognitive errors” are: (1) _____ inference which is evident when a depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather than than the positive aspects a situation and (2) _____ which occurs when one small critical remark is made and taken into assumption as being a failure despite past previous positive remarks. These cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future, are three areas that together represent the ______. In addition, after a series of negative events in childhood, individuals may develop a deep-seated ______, an enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspect of life that is automatic and unconscious.
arbitrary, overgeneralization, depressive cognitive triad, negative schema
During interpersonal psychotherapy, what are the four typically included current interpersonal problems that the therapist works out with the patient? After identifying the problem, what are the three types of stages used to determine the stage of the dispute?
Interpersonal role disputes, adjusting to the loss of a relationship, acquiring new relationships, and identifying and correcting deficits in social skills
Negotiation stage, impasse stage, resolution stage