Terms
Fill in the blank: The place where the earthquake begins is called the _________.
Focus of an earthquake
Define Transverse wave.
A wave that vibrates perpendicular to the direction it travels.
Where is the Ring of Fire and what is it?
It's in the Pacific Ocean and is caused by the Pacific place interacting with other plates.
What kind of mountain is made by a dip-slip fault?
Fault-block mountain
A wave that vibrates parallel to the direction it travels.
Longitudinal wave
What are weaker earthquakes that follow a stronger earthquake called?
aftershocks
Define volcanic mountain
What would you look for on a seismogram to determine which was farther from the earthquake?
The one with more distance between P-waves and S-waves.
Define Refraction
Deflection of a wave due to a change in the material through which it is traveling.
How many times stronger is a 5.0 (Richter Scale) earthquake than 2.0?
32,768 (32x32x32)
If a volcano has sides made of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, what kind of volcano is it?
A composite cone
Describe both kinds of dip-slip faults
Define Pyroclastic material
Hot pieces of solid rock emitted during many volcanic eruptions.
Describe what these would look like on a seismogram: Surface Waves, P-waves, and S-waves.
What do xenoliths tell us about the mantle?
They help us understand the PRESSURES and TEMPERATURES in the mantle.
Define dip-slip fault, strike-slip fault, and oblique-slip fault
dip-slip fault: has a hanging wall and foot wall (straight up from point on fault is hanging wall). Normal fault has hanging wall below foot wall. Reverse fault has foot wall below hanging wall.
strike-slip fault: rocks move horizontally
oblique-slip fault: rocks move both horizontally and vertically
List and describe the three types of volcanoes. What is the one thing they all have in common?
Cinder Cones: smallest, mostly erupt pyroclastic materials which falls as cinders around the vent. Most have a bowl-shaped crater at the top.
Composite Cones: stratovolcanoes, largest, steep sides, igneous rock and pyroclastic material make up sides, most have crater at top, often cracks in side.
Shield Volcanoes: formed almost completely from lava, much wider than tall.
THEY ALL HAVE A VENT FROM WHICH MAGMA ESCAPES AND BECOMES LAVA.
Tell me 2 things S-waves are and 1 thing they are not.
They are body waves and transverse; they are not surface waves.
What temperatures and pressures must be present for carbon to form diamond?
very high temperatures (like 1200 degrees C) and very high pressures (50,000 times more than atmospheric pressure)
Describe S-wave shadow zone and P-wave shadow zone.
S-wave: S-waves cannot move through liquid, so if the S-waves from an earthquake reach liquid, they will stop and a seismograph at that end will not record any S-waves.
P-wave: caused by refraction