Pharmacology
Decreases glucose production in liver
Decreases GI glucose absorption
Improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral
glucose uptake and utilization.
What is Metformin?
Used for depression and smoking cessation
Lower incidence of sexual side effects. Lowers the seizure threshold
What is Bupropion (Wellbutrin)? NDRI
PICOT
What is the mnemonic derived from the elements of a clinical research question – patient, intervention, comparison, outcome and (sometimes) time?
Part 2 - give an example of PICOT question?
Type of statistical hypothesis that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations.
What is the null hypothesis?
Hypothesis testing is used to assess the credibility of a hypothesis by using sample data.
MCV (Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): < 80
What are microcytic (small cell size) RBC's?
Reflects the size of the red blood cells.
Drug of choice for thyroid replacement and suppression therapy because of its longer half-life
What is Levothyroxine?
Black Box Warning regarding increased risk of suicidal
thinking and behavior in children and up to age 24 (young adults)
What are antidepressants?
The probability under the assumption of no effect or no difference (null hypothesis), of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than what was actually observed
P value
The P stands for probability and measures how likely it is that any observed difference between groups is due to chance.
Qualitative data that groups variables into ordered categories.
What is ordinal data?
The categories have a natural order or rank based on some hierarchal scale, like from high to low. But there is no clearly defined interval between the categories.
Indirect measurement of total iron stores in body
What is Ferritin?
These two racial groups have 3-4 times greater risk of
developing angioedema when prescribed an ACE-I.
What are African Americans and Asians?
Drugs with the highest potential for abuse and dependence
What are Schedule 1 drugs
Level 1 Evidence (highest level of evidence)
Quantitative data, having the same properties as interval data, with an equal and definitive ratio between each data and absolute “zero” being treated as a point of origin.
What is Ratio Data?
Main causes of megaloblastic anemia
What are vitamin B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency?
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ)
Fluoroquinolones
Nitrofurantoin
Cephalosporins
Penicillin
What are antibiotics that can treat UTI?
Used to monitor for drug seeking behavior when Furnishing Schedule II Medications
CURES (Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System)
What is a chi-square test?
Data type which is measured along a scale, in which each point is placed at equal distance from one another.
What is interval data?
Interval data always appears in the form of numbers or numerical values where the distance between the two points is standardized and equal.
Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius, pH measure, IQ and SAT scores.
Brain pathology shows: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and degeneration of neurons mostly in hippocampus and cerebral cortex
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Level of acetylcholine is decreased in the brain
Drug of choice for community acquired pneumonia in adolescents and adults
Hydrocodone (e.g. Norco), hydromorphone, meperidine, oxycodone, morphine, amphetamine, methylphenidate
What are examples of Schedule II substances?
Substances in this schedule have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
Type of statistical data that is used to label variables without providing any quantitative value.
What is Nominal Data?
It is the simplest form of a scale of measure. Examples: names/labels
Information that cannot be counted, measured or easily expressed using numbers.
What is qualitative data?
It is collected from text, audio and images and shared through data visualization tools, such as word clouds, timelines, graph databases, concept maps and infographics.
Clinical Features:
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Edema of the lower extremities
Distension of the jugular neck veins
Right sided heart failure