Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function
Needed when a direct input of energy is needed to move molecules from low to high concentration.
What is active transport?
The first step of cellular respiration which occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
The phase of the cell cycle that consists of DNA replication and results in two sister chromatids for each chromosome.
What is S phase.
The enzyme responsible for unwinding dna during replication.
What is helicase?
When the best fit organisms survive in an ecosystem over other organisms that have the less desirable trait.
What is natural selection?
Synthesize proteins for cells.
What are ribosomes?
This is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration.
What is oxygen?
The process that involves the release of the hormones INTO the bloodstream to reach target cells.
What is endocrine signaling?
What is transcription?
Affected by environmental stability, genetic variation, adaptation and fitness.
What is natural selection influenced by?
Function as storage, release of water, macromolecules, cellular waste products, and turgor pressure.
What are vacuoles?
This enzyme helps with the first major step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. It converts atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic sugars.
What is RuBisCO?
The process known as cell death that is necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
What is apoptosis?
The type of mutation that results in a premature codon.
What is a nonsense mutation?
When humans affect the diversity within a population by breeding plants and animals for desirable traits.
What is artificial selection?
Has hydrophilic phosphate heads which are polar and hydrophobic fatty acid tails which are non polar.
What are characteristics of the cell membrane?
This process generate ATP with the use of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is oxidative phosphorylatio?
Which of the following steps in a signaling pathway typically occurs first once a chemical messenger reaches a target cell?
What is a ligand binds to a receptor?
The molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosomes.
What are tRNAs?
When two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.
When does speciation occur?
A previously free living prokaryote (bacteria) was engulfed by another cell through endocytosis which is where the mitochondria and chloroplast evolved from. Supported by double membranes, circular dna, and ribosomes.
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
Both create ATP, exchange gases like CO2 and oxygen, and utilize the electron transport chain (ETC).
What are similarities between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Proteins that help regulate the progression of the cell cycle through checkpoints when they are bound to cyclins.
What are cyclin-independent kinases (CDKs)?
Synthesizes in the 5’ to 3’ directions, synthesized continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand.
What are characterit’s is of DNA replication?
p^2 + 2p + q^2=1
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?